All right. Hopefully everyone can see my screen now. My name is Jim Lewis. I'm with PCI, PCI staff. I'm an architect. I've been based mostly in the southeast in the southern region of the United States, but now I get to call Chicago home and go Cubs. So as I take you through the presentation today, we're going to talk about design assist, design build, and kind of the new way or the movement as we see it or in the design industry and the construction industry. A new methodology or is it truly an old methodology? So we're going to, as we move through it, we're going to follow AI guidelines. We're continuing it. Programming source and for our programs and so this is getting rid of the regular stuff. I went to undergrad and grad at the University of Virginia in architecture and been practicing architect for quite some time now. So today we're going to talk about three, some different things when it talks about design assist or design build, but I'll kind of explain it to you in an easier way. Why do we use design build delivery method is one thing. What are some benefits of it and why? Why is Precast the perfect design build partner? And we're going to talk about how the Precasters are involved in the projects. I'm going to show you two case studies on two health care projects and then we're also going to talk about why you would not use any other method. So one of the things that's I think important or one of the tenets of design for members of, for people to understand about Precast is, is that it's just not a traditional building material that's used only on bridges or parking decks, but we're seeing it used in totally different facets of construction. Precast concrete again is a liquid. It's almost like liquid plastic. So whatever your imagination is, whatever form that you have, we can pour it in and create some unique structures. The first structure that talk about here is Perot Museum, which is in Dallas, Texas, and we'll talk a little bit about the design assist and design build on that project a little further on. Most people don't know that the Sydney Opera House used the same concepts of design assist or design build. All the Precast was made there on Billabong Point, less than a mile from the job site. But even the white chevron-shaped shells on the exterior sails is architecture Precast concrete. So it's glazed tile embedded in ferrocement to make those panels. And then the support structure is exposed architecture Precast concrete for the steps and in the podium as well. Next one is Proximity Hotel in North Carolina, and this is a LEED Platinum project. And so really when we talk about it, we talk about custom that we can do anything with Precast, and then we can do anything as far as 100-year building structures like what we did at, like was used at Sydney Opera House, and then these new state-of-the-art net zero type style buildings and structures that we're seeing for Proximity Hotel. So as we kind of move on through the presentation, you're going to hear a lot about collaboration from me. You'll hear how the Precastor collaborated with the design team, how the Precastor collaborated with the engineer, collaborated with the owner. And it's really, really, really important. Traditionally, as architects, we're generalists, so working on maybe one where we know a lot about a lot of different things. So to be able to collaborate with other people that have responsibilities or expertise in other types of building systems is so important. I love this quote from Bill Gates. We always overestimate the change that will occur in the next two years and underestimate the change that will occur in the next 10. Don't let yourself be lulled into inaction. And I think a lot of people feel like this design-build and design-assist is all new. And in theory, it's not. And really, over 4,000 years ago, it dates back, if you look at history of architecture, traditionally, there was a master builder. And a master builder would take on the responsibility for the design, the engineering, and the construction. It really where you're putting all of those entities into one group of people and then using their talents to construct these projects. So there's just a lot of concepts in history with design-build. And I'm going to cover the differences. I'm going to use both terms throughout the presentation. Design-build, the term meaning is, is a project delivery system used in the construction industry. It is a method to deliver a project in which the design and construction services are contracted by a single entity known as a design-build or design-build contractor. Design-assist is the procurement method by which, prior to completion of a design, a construction contract may be awarded on a best value basis, pursuant to which a contractor provides design assistance, or a subcontractor does, and a design professional. So design-build, again, you'll hear me use a lot as a procurement method, project delivery system, and design-assist is typically the role that someone is working on a project. So there's, you'll hear me use them interchangeably, but they're a little bit different, but pretty, but all involved in the same collaboration of a design. We talk a little bit about the pyramids, we're all, again, design-build types of projects. Even the Brooklyn Bridge, most people don't know was a design-build project. So DBIA has been tracking, the Design-Build Institute of America, has been tracking design-build work, and what they've found is that over the last 15 to 20 years, there's been significant growth in the use of design-build across the country. One of the types of things is the reason that people are moving back toward what was used 4,000 years ago, and the reason is, is again, we talk about collaboration. We talk about collaboration, again, architecture are typically journalists, and here, you're looking at a what, why, and how on a project, and how you can have those three circles all work together, working on the thinking, not only architecturally, but thinking of the process to build the building, how to load the structure, the structure of the building, how it's going to impact the local environment, and how it's going to impact future generations. So when you take all that collaboration together, it can be extremely dynamic, as you'll see in these case studies. To go back to DBIA's point, this is kind of their chart talking about the percentage of design-build movement versus design-bid-build. So design-bid-build in 1985 was over 82%. Of the market today, it's around 40%. And design-build, where your procurement is working together and collaborating, it's up over 50%. Huge change. You see the growth patterns here, and you can probably understand why, by the end of this presentation, why people are changing to it. The big hurdle in design-build has been with the states, and the states, whether they would let them use it on their projects, state-funded projects, both in transportation and both in the building sector. And we see the adoption from 1993 to 2009, the states that are permitting. And really, when we talk about it in today's construction world, 2016, by far, probably the most progressive state for this would be Florida. After that would be Texas and California. But you see right now that there are very few states that are limiting the use of design-build. It's just the project delivery method that most people are finding extremely...makes their projects extremely progressive. Here's some figures on why people are doing that. We'll just look at the traditional design-build versus design-bid-build. The unit cost differential is design-build is 6.1% less, construction speed about 12% faster. So the delivery speed is different than construction speed. Construction speed would be on-site, and that is taking into consideration that you're really looking at everybody partnering together. One issue to pick up construction speed on a project that we see fairly routine is where they're pre-installing the windows and the precast panels. That's a way of improving during the design-build process, improving the construction speed. The delivery speed would be the overall project. That would be all the...that's the design, the construction, that's all expediting occupancy. The cost, you see the change, it's about 5% less, and then the schedule savings a little over 10%. Then they also go in and talk about design-build versus CM at risk and how much better it is even than CM at risk. So there's kind of some myths that have been around about design-build, but hopefully, these slides will kind of explain it a little bit better for you. When we talk about the different models or the contractual relationships, traditionally, an owner would go out to a designer, go out to the contractor, they have independent contracts, and then all the subs would be giving information into the designer, and hopefully, they would get the job when the job was bid out to the contractor. But in a lot of cases, they don't, and what we end up seeing a lot of times is the architect or engineers designing the building, and they design it with their trusted subs help. The trusted sub does not get the project, and what happens is then the new bidder or the bidder that's bidding on it, that's the low bid in most cases, gets the project, and then they have to RFI, and then they end up changing the design or the panelization from what the architect and design team intended for, and the owner probably already okayed because they don't make the panels that way or that they don't...or something in the way their production facility that causes, or maybe they don't have the trailers to bring the product to it. So it changes, again, the design, and so it slows down the synergy in the process because they're having to go back and make changes and corrections in the drawings. And then the contractor, you know, how does the contractor pick? Does he pick only by low price, or does he choose by advantage? And I'll talk a lot about that as we move on. And then the design-build project model owner, design-build entities together, and then they start bringing in their trusted subs. And I'm going to talk a lot about how the procurement method works when bringing on the subcontractors. We talked about evaluation methodologies of how you pick a subcontractor to come on and be part of your design-build team. Traditionally, what you see is, you know, you do qualifications-based, you just pick somebody, and there's your sole source. Sometimes, you maybe have limited competition. The best value selection, and I'm going to spend a lot of time talking about that as we move forward to it, is probably the one that we see most design-builders are moving towards where it's not picked, the selection is not just picked on price, the selection could also be picked on the value that they bring to the table and what they can do with the project. And I'll spend probably way too much time talking more about it in a few minutes. And then the price-based selection, what are you really getting for that price-based person? Are you getting somebody that understands the logistics or not going to have a lot of punch list items? It's going to make you redesign the building or make the architect have heartburn or the engineer where they have to go back through and redesign. Really, you need to look at how you choose your subcontractors. This is a great chart to kind of explain you through it. When we talk about the key attributes, and this presentation is to explain how it works for precast, but there are a lot of advantages to it. But understand this, as a precaster and a consultant and a design consultant, I have worked directly for the owners on projects. And then the contract was then transferred to either the architect or the CM, and my contract was assigned. I've also worked directly on projects with the architect, where then I gave counsel to the architect. The architect then had me assigned to the CM on the project later on. I've also worked directly probably with the design builder, probably the most. But I don't want you to leave this presentation and not think that these precasters or subcontractors are not being contracted directly to both the owner and the architect. Then you have the subcontractor, the general contractor, and they also hire subs as well. So in the upper entities, where it's the architect, owner, or engineer, I see a lot of situations where they're bringing a consultant on board and then transferring maybe the erection part of the contract or manufacturing erection on down the line to the CM. So kind of the four basic steps when we're talking about establishing an effective design, we'll call it design assist or on a design-build project. One is the selection, build a design-assist subcontracting, the execution, establish early on the boundaries for collaboration, the transition, how do you shift the responsibilities, we'll talk about that, and then the design responsibility. So when we talk about selecting a design-assist subcontractor on a design-build project, you know, really, we see a lot of people pick people based on trades where they're going to pick somebody that's not going to give them, that are going to be a low-risk trade contractor. And what I mean low-risk is that they've done lots of work on these types of projects, they understand the complex nature of it, maybe they've worked in that area, maybe they have an erector team that understands all the unusual features of your design, and they have a very good, that subcontractor has a very good vision and understands the design team and owner's vision for the project. The selection process typically by the design builder, the CM, could be by the owner again, is to shortlist and interview people. More and more, and I'll explain on the two case studies how those processes worked out on those projects. One would be that the DA subcontractor would offer up some qualifications, then they also could turn in some requests for proposals and do interviews. Seeing more and more projects where it's a project-based percentage on the price and a percentage on best value off of the interview. And really, really, really, I don't want you to miss the point that you need to get all this started early. It's so important, it's paramount to get people involved early. Traditionally, where we see on design-build projects, we see the DA subcontractors coming on traditionally in the later stages of schematic design and easily by the end of the design development part of the project. You don't want to go, and we've had projects before where they brought the team in too late, and then they had to change to the design because that team looked at the job differently. And let's just say an architect had spandrels and column covers on the job, and let's say a typical 10-story building had 700 pieces of precast on it. Well, there, you can... Precast consultant comes on late. It's all design, spandrels, and column covers, and the precaster or the precast consultant comes on, says, you know what? Because of my plan and the way I do things, I would make those window punch, which go floor-to-floor, and we'll get the windows pre-installed. So then you go from having all these joints where the architects designed it, and all these joints are going to now be moved, you went from 700 panels down to 300 panels. It really changes the dynamic of the design, and you look at it differently. So please hire your consultants early in the project. These are kind of the most common design assist subs that we see. You know, HVAC, large site package guys, structural concrete, whether it's cast-in-place or precast. You know, you see precast steel, structural steel. You really want to bring these subs and these people on early on because they can work together as a team. A lot of these projects, and I'll talk about one at Ohio State that multiple, multiple meetings were held in Chicago at the designer's office with both the curtain wall contractor, and the glazing consultant, and the precaster, and where they were working through all the design details. And we're talking once a week, half a day, working out all the details. So everybody was collaborating long before the design was finished. We would also talk about the other, the next two, three, and four, executing the plan for collaboration. Again, like the project at Ohio State, we had meetings weekly. Most of the meetings were in person in Chicago to go through the design assist process on the project. And it kept everybody in sync to collaborate. It kept a lot of synergy. But somebody needs to pick the vision and mission of the project, set those goals and expectations, set them high, and then bring DA subcontractors that can meet that. When you take the responsibility from the model, it's one of the most critical junctures. A lot of precasters will create their own model. So they will take their architect's design model, create their own model, and do it in their format. Traditionally, most, a lot of people are, we're seeing a lot of different types of precast software out there, but most people are using the same type of software that architects are using in design, which would be like Revit. And it's really, really changing the design methodology. Most of the projects that I have worked on in the last five to seven years have been BIM projects. So making the design build, design assist process, extremely more, just making it extremely more faster and reducing the errors and mistakes versus doing it in a 2D world. And then when we talk about design responsibility, traditional precasters were going to seal the engineering. Their engineer, precast engineer is going to stamp the drawings. But again, it's all got to go back to the architect and the engineer to check it. When they're making decisions, engineers and architects and subcontractors are making decisions in unison and making them real-time with one another, the benefits are tremendous because they don't have to go back. They've probably already rechecked the calcs and looked at the calcs, and they're not having to go back and redo what they'd already done before. So here we go. This is one of my favorite buildings. Love the picture, and I have seen the building. As we go in next, I want to talk about two case studies. And the first case study is Ohio State Medical Center. It was originally called Project One, and now it's part of the, they call it OSU Medical, Wechsler, you have the James Heart Hospital. You'll see some different buildings within it. But it's a pretty complex project on the campus of Ohio State. And when they came in to the project, it was extremely, extremely, kind of changed the thinking amongst all the entities within the state of Ohio, from the governor on down. These are just some finished shots of the exterior facade. On the Ohio State, on this project, its exterior is architecture precast concrete, and they used a spray foam system on the inside. And brick-and-laid panels. I'll explain a lot of the detailing that went into this project as we move through it. So again, just some of the pictures of the project. So what happened was, traditionally, and this is out of AIA, Ohio, the governor of Ohio, they did not have design-build delivery methods used in the state of Ohio at the time. So Ted Strickland, as the governor of Ohio, decided he would pick three projects. One was in Toledo, I think one was in, maybe down south, and then this one. By far, the biggest was a billion-dollar medical center. And I just, you know, again, the General Assembly authorized this. The quote, which is underneath the red box there, that I want to read to understand and kind of lay the groundwork for this project, was from President Gordon Gee, President of Ohio State. It says, I am grateful that Ohio State has the opportunity, through Project 1, to demonstrate the efficiencies that are sure to come by removing the burden of antiquated, mandatory construction processes. And what he's talking about is design-bid-build versus, on this project here, the General Assembly and the governor signed in to do a design-build project. And this is one of the first, again, three in the state of Ohio. So Ted Strickland was the governor. So it's just, it's kind of the future of design, the future of medicine. How do you build something quick? How do you build something dynamic? How do you build something extremely fluid? So really, really, really had to be, had to come out with a type of system and project delivery system that was really state-of-the-art, that kind of followed the vision that Ohio State and President Gee had set for this new expansion to their medical center. Again, they added 310,000 square feet, again, about 400 beds total, a little over 400 beds. Again, it was a LEED project. So what they did was they had everybody, they brought in the team. They picked Turner was the CM at risk for the project. They brought them in. And then Turner brought in subcontractors. And they used the choosing by advantage type of method. And they brought in the subcontractors to give them both on a preliminary price on the project and then also give them a best value. So they call, we call in that choosing by advantage. And so what was the synergy with the team? So three pre-counselors were interviewed for the project. They came in and did an extensive two-hour interview. In there was the owner and the owner's rep. The CM had their team in there, which was Turner Lindleis. And then HOK, who was the architect out of Chicago. And they all had a pre-programmed RFP for the interview process. And so they made their selections based on the criteria, not just price, but the criteria that they had set out early on in the project. So as we talk about it, at the very end of this, I'll pull this off the web, it says trade package may be awarded using a design assist methodology. So again, once the builder qualified three pre-qualified people, he could solicit bids and proposals, and then he could award based on a choosing by advantage type of program and picking the right team to do it. So when the pre-caster was chosen for the project, the project won, June of 2010. Again through that process, the pre-caster was picked, and the pre-caster gave early on in June of 2010, the pre-caster gave them an initial guaranteed maximum price, and that's where the pre-cast or the pre-cast consultant on the project said, we feel like we... That there's 112,000 square feet on the project, and it's worth $56.71 to provide the material, the design assist, the material, and the erection on the project. Through that course, six to nine months of working through it, and I'm going to explain to you how the system worked, the project grew based on some changes in the building design to over 118,000 square feet, but the price went down. And the price went down because there were some synergies that weren't taken advantage, some panel sizes expanded, and some synergies were changed in the overall design from the initial guaranteed max in June 2010 until nine months later when the pre-cast consultant or the pre-caster offered a guaranteed maximum price. So this is a chart showing exactly how most people are using Excel spreadsheets or some type of spreadsheet. This is probably rudimentary to most of you. This is tracking the cost. This is tracking what the job started out, and every time there was a change proposal put on from either the engineer, the architect, the owner, or the CM, or Turner-Lindley's, then they would come in and they'd have to sign it, and then how it affected the pre-cast scope. And so you can see, you can track this trend log where in June of 2010, at February, again, which is seven months, eight months later, 2nd of February 2011, a guaranteed maximum price came out and how they got to that number. And what there is, is there's collaboration, there's synergy. Again, those meetings happened every week, and they went to every two weeks, had all the exterior people there, the spray foam people, the glazing people, had all the curtain wall people. So everybody was working together to try and come up with the most perfect type of enclosure system to do the building and also keep cost to a minimum. These are just some of the changes that they changed. Originally, the campus has a red brick. The red brick is a very old, traditional-looking brick. It's been around forever, probably over 100 years on campus. And the architect said, you know, everything on the campus is running bond. I'm thinking about doing a stack bond. And to be honest, I didn't think it would ever fly when Henry Cho with HOK brought that up and said, hey, we think this is going to happen, and this is what we want. So the precast, so a panel was made, a 4x4 panel was made showing these four different brick sizes, again, going a vertical stack bond element. A special form liner was made that once the VEM model was created and the design was taken, then a stack bond form liner was created. But what happened with that is that all because they wanted the stack bond, and that was more important. Traditionally, when you're doing running bond, every 3-5-8s or every half brick, you can cut a panel. So you're just running a bond along horizontally, and then you vertically cut a panel. When you do this type of system, then it's all set sizes, and they don't want to cut any brick for the architect. So you have to make all the panels brick and brick dimension. Does it seem like it was hard? It was extremely hard. But what happened is the precaster worked to meet the architect's vision for the project, and then figure out a way to design in where they had to have their joints, both for the erection and the crane for shipping, and based on where the architect's joints. So that's why there was a lot of meetings to do the give and take. Early on, they wanted a thick brick, a soap brick, inch and 13-16s. They looked at the long-term benefits as far as testing of that type of system compared to a thin brick system. Thin brick system tested out and performed. There's a PCI standard on brick embedded in precast. And so they thinned up the panel, so it saved concrete, it saved weight on the transportation, and weight on the crane, on the size of the crane to put the panels up. So they ended up cutting the panels down, thinning them up. A lot of issues on this project with the erection, because it was going against an existing building. It would be very hard early on. They determined to bring in masons and scaffolding, wherein here they can go in and do a system, and bring the panels in and fly them in to meet this extremely tight site. So just looking at some of the bonding going vertically with the windows. And here you can see how tight it is against an existing building and having to figure out. We're seeing, and we'll talk about it on probe, but we're seeing building models using BEM to create erection videos, erection models, so that all the panels, you can see the sequencing for flying panels in, so the crane doesn't have an issue with the crane interacting with other materials. So whether it's the steel or other people working on the project site. So we're seeing a lot of site logistics. Again, following, so each one of those bricks at the end could not be cut. So you had to create a system, a panel, and a panelization that fit exactly on the bond dimension. One thing was that all the window embeds were pre-installed. That was one of the early things that the window fabricator felt like, that they could save a lot of time if they just had this clip system and clip right into the precast. When you're talking about architecture precast, it's a highly precision type of product, and so it's easy to do these systems, lathing systems, because the tolerance are so tight on architecture precast. You see some of the lateral connections back into the structure. Then you see some of the kicker assemblies as well. Again, gravity and lateral connections. So one of the things that happened early on also on the project was that they came up with a system with the brick, and they ended up making a beam type of system. So every floor would have a spandrel panel, I think it was probably 11 feet by 30 feet. And that was acted as a beam, and then the panels above it would load to it. Each floor load of panels would load down to that spandrel beam and then transfer it back. The reason that was done is because it aided in how the panel sizes were and how they loaded. It ended up cutting down the panel count dramatically, but it's just some of those things that you can do when you're in the design assist mode of the project, working on a design build and doing it. So this is a James Cancer Center on this, all part of Wexler. So as we move into Cooke's Children's Hospital, kind of give you the... It's in Fort Worth, Texas. There is a... This project was, again, a hospital healthcare. It's really, really a pretty dynamic hospital for children, especially children with cancer. And so it's really, really kind of a special place for kids. So it not only was aesthetically had to be pleasing, exterior... On the exterior, this project had a tremendous amount of just performance on the inside of the building as well, especially when you got into some of the patient rooms. So I'll try and take you through this project and explain it. So early on in the project, they had the original main tower was on the project. And the main tower was comprised... The exterior facade was glazed tile or glazed brick, three and five-eighths inches deep, sitting on top of...on a block structure. And then they had limestone. So the bottom of the building and kind of the belt course around the building was limestone. And then above that was a glazed thin brick. Through time, you see 2013, you see 2011, we're going down the left-hand side, they started adding on to the hospital. And they really were having a tough time trying to figure out what would match the existing building. So they used stucco and some other types of building materials as they went. Well, when they started looking at the south tower, which...the completions this year, they met up with a gentleman with FKP, Marty Ewing, who's... And he just, you know, they set the vision. They wanted the building to match. They wanted it to match the main tower. They wanted the building to be able to perform. And he had seen a lecture on some of the new precast systems and some of the new things that were being done around the country. And so they started out on this project looking early on with precast. So let me kind of state out exactly kind of how the team. The Project Cook Children's Medical Center, this new phase is an integrated project delivery. There's 12 original teammates on the project, the project size against 314,000 square feet. The architecture record was Callison RTKL. The planner, Marty Ewing, who was with them, is FKP. And then the design architect, and I can't say enough about David Swartz and Sean Nolte with their firm because pretty much they set the vision and set the bar extremely high on the design. The CM was Lenbeck and their design team that's, you know, that's out of Fort Worth. And then the precast team. So there's about 667,000 pieces and there's 76,000 square feet of brick. A BIM project. By far, probably most of the design could not have been accomplished, especially with all the conflicts of other building materials systems on the project without using BIM. It really was a big advantage. So I'm going to kind of try and talk a little bit about IPD or Integrated Project Delivery. And in there is everybody's teaming together on the project. IPD's been around for a little bit, but they're working together. So instead of a design-build team where the architect is working maybe for the owner, the CM, or the CM's working for the architect and the architect's working for the owner or, you know, where they're all doing something different. And this entity, you had their main 12 main contractors and subcontractors working on the project are then pooling their resources and also pooling their profits. So there's a lot of risk in an IPD, but there's a lot of rewards too if there's a lot of synergy and collaboration. This project was an IPD project. And the precastor was not part of the 12 members of the team, but they were brought in extremely early on the project. The CBA, they use this choosing by advantage type process for making all their decisions on picking subs. Remember, if you're an IPD and you're one of 12 partners, what's the one thing that you're worried about the most? It's risk. So if you're worried about risk, you're worried about the problems with risk, and you're worried about where you're going, you need to make sure that it's covered. So choosing by advantage is one of the most important. So they, again, they interview, they bring the team in and choose their team and their subcontractors based on how they will perform and are very extremely low risk. The challenge for early on was how do you create this thermally efficient envelope, zero thermal bridges, you have humidity levels fluctuate amongst patient rooms, and in the interior of the building, and they really, really wanted to have no maintenance or no issues long term. They thought about it being, they said early on, we want a 100-year hospital. And so what was early on by being a 100-year hospital is it had to perform, had to perform long term over time, and it had to, aesthetically, it had to match. So this quote by Sean Nolte, advanced technology were specifically invented for this project to emulate the sophisticated appearance, detailing of the original brick and limestone building. And it has turned out beautifully, is his quote. So early on, there had to be a design. In traditional precast, you try and make sure every block and everything is consistent in color. Well, here, the architect said it has to match limestone. As we all know, limestone fluctuates in color. So when you're looking at it, there was a system that was invented, or a process invented for this project where there's three different tones in the precast per stone. And the precast design, Sean and his team designed exactly how it would bond up or because the south had to tie in with the main tower, so it had to be the synergy between the old and the new had to match. And so now it's real hard to tell between the old building and the new building, and they're two totally different building materials. But there's a synergy in creating that. Again, you're just looking at some of no thermal bridges on their wall system. So the insulation is rigid. It is XPS, three inches was used with an R value of R15. They asked during the choosing by advantage, they asked to look at thermal test data and ASHRAE 90.1. They look at some LUFFY. They looked at a lot of different programs looking at the thermal proficiency. Of their existing buildings and systems, there are traditional building types in this new precast concrete system. And these are just showing you the savings and how the savings was created. They also went into looking at basically a 12-inch precast panel, but this panel gets real thick at the base and the plinth of the building, and it thins up as it goes vertical. So you'll see some elements that could be 18 inches thick at the base. You can see some panels are like 55,000 pounds, and then the panels get over into 8 inches in other parts of the building, 8 to 9 inches. So this is just proofs. I don't think when you're choosing by advantage, you need to just take anybody's verbal and what they're saying. I think you need to look exactly how they're, if they can prove out what their claims, and this is the best way that you ask people to do it. Here, this viewpoint analysis, both summer and winter, looking at 100-degree swing changes, both internally and externally, and the different humidity levels as well. So you've got both summer and winter conditions, and all of that went through the process. All the brick, again, was embedded, so that special form liner was created based on the bond pattern that was chosen by the design team. It was sent in and formulated, and then they also make corners in different areas. So that brick's only 5-8 of an inch thick, and it's glazed with a glaze on the outside, and you cannot tell it's not based on the detailing. You cannot tell that that's not a full-budget brick. You can't tell that that's not a full piece of limestone in these detailing. A lot of time was spent in the collaboration with the architects, making sure these return legs worked, making sure, because those are big, 4-foot return legs, so it looks more like a natural piece, a large piece of limestone, versus it would if it was a piece of a traditional precast. So a lot of care was taken. These are these big sequential pour legs that return back on the panels, and why are they important? For a long time, you saw precasters with quarter miters or joints at the corners here. The joints and the transfer and everything may be 3 or 4 feet off the back of the face of the panel, so you don't have caulk staring you in the face and the corner, and these sequential pour legs are being used more and more by designers. Again, you're just looking at kind of a top and out piece for the very top of the corners at the top, and what you're seeing is you're seeing inconsistent in the bands around the building and what you're seeing is that every panel changes, every panel has a different, could have three different colors in it, and there's one main color that's over 60%, and then there's a lighter and darker shade that make up the difference in the outside. Again, see the 18-inch thick pieces at the very base of the building, and then as you kind of move up, that belt course is extremely deep as well. Just again, as we kind of move around, and then we just look at just the top and you see just extremely, this project, both projects, but more so this one, extremely ornate, but they had to take what was on the main building and emulate and match it on the new building. So traditionally, you see a lot of flat parking decks, a lot of flat precast buildings. This is a lot more than that. There's a lot of relief. Again, those mullions that you see are all precast. There's those deep mullions, the deep inset. So again, you're looking thermally at having the windows deeper. It's going to perform better on the inside of the building. Again, these large courses, you know, the truncated corner detail there just made the building because matching what was existing on the outside. Again, you're seeing some of the band and the belt coursing. See the color differential there at the bottom on the coursing? It's just really, really remarkable on all those courses or all those bands. You cannot tell which is one piece, you know, is 37 or 47 feet long the way it's broken up as far as the dimension like stone and color like stone, and it's real hard. But again, this, you know, they wanted a 100-year building. That was the design intent, not to do what we typically do, make buildings too small and non-multifunctional. And then we use materials that don't last very long, and then we've got people back on site or back on fixing, or we have people back on site rebuilding or tearing down and rebuilding. So we've got to do the resilience part of our construction is so important. Just some more details. These are some other projects around, you know, that they use the design build, choosing by advantage type of delivery method. Lucas Oil Stadium was a joint venture. It was architect was HKS, and you had Hunt out of Indianapolis. And these panels are insulated edge to edge, sandwich wall panels. They're only eight inches thick with the brick embedded. But all those arches, everything you see other than the metal panel behind the Lucas sign is architecture precast concrete on the outside. So Hadid's project, Sese Contemporary Museum, again, she wanted a board form look. She wanted it to be as-cast. And so it had never been really done before. Now, Starkitect and a lot of people are emulating this finish. But it's an as-cast finish brought off the form with no additional finish. Again, had to really collaborate, had the people come together, and she was trying to get them to make something that they'd never made before. And by doing this type of design assist and getting someone, a precaster brought on early, really makes these jobs work a lot smoother. Then when we get into the Broad Museum, this is GFRC. Again, a very, very, you know, just an amazing design. And the return legs and all of the just the architectural aesthetics on the outside of this building is tremendous. But you had to bring in someone. They had to use BIM. You had to bring in a precaster. And so they could really, really focus in on how to create the architect's vision. If you saw the architect's vision, I shook my head. I didn't know if it could be done. But to see this building in person and this building, it's just tremendous, you know, both internally and externally on the outside facade. But it's a veil that's over top of this museum is the way they're calling it. With the Broad Museum, but again, GFRC on the outside. Early on, Baha'i Temple. So the Baha'i Temple is north of Chicago. It's real close to Northwestern University. The actual precast for this temple was made in Roslyn, Virginia. That's right where the USA Today building is, right by Arlington National Cemetery. So John Early, Early Studios made it, and then they hauled it up. Now, have they done some maintenance to it and fixed some things? Yes. But this is early stages. We're talking 30s, 40s, 50s, making these pieces of precast and just how complex they are. But again, you couldn't create these buildings if you didn't have everybody sitting at the table and working together to create these designs. So the Perot Museum, Dallas, Texas, this is a morphosis project. Just a, Balfour Beatty was the design builder on the project. Again, they brought in a precaster early. They chose by advantage based on the precaster's ability to complete the project based on their vision for the project. There's three basically sections within this building. There's the plant, there's the spine, which is the center section, and then the exterior wall section on the outside, the main museum space, which you see with the escalator going against. Vision was to look like a rock formation that kind of floats into the clouds. A lot of the compression on the lower part of the building. And this building, again, choosing by advantage, getting teammates together, and putting them together, you can create these amazing, iconic buildings. This building will be talked about for hundreds of years. I mean, it's just absolutely state-of-the-art. They used state-of-the-art technology to create it. State-of-the-art type of BEM. Again, this used a BEM video, erection video. So they spent a lot of time working on exactly how they could collaborate and have everybody come to the table to work on this project. So if you haven't seen it, I hope you look at it. Well, I've finished the presentation part of it, and I think now I'll give it back to Brenda, and I'll take some questions before I finish up. Looks like I've got about five minutes left, which is unbelievable. But I really appreciate you taking your time today. I hope you enjoyed it. You can send questions in now, and then you can also send questions in to Brenda and or directly to me. And my email is letter J and then L-E-W-I-S JLewis at PCI.org. So letter J and then L-E-W-I-S at PCI.org. Thank you so much.

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