So today's kind of learning objectives, we're really going to talk about really two things, kind of the future of parking, the future of mobility, and mobility is a big word. We'll talk about what mobility means and what mobility means for not only my generation but the next generation. We're going to talk about really a lot about this misconception of parking and really the misconception of really gray rectangular structures that, you know, what's happening long-term with them and are they meeting their needs at a later date. So we're going to spend some time really talking about mixed-use and parking, so really the history of parking, where it started, 1901 was the first parking deck that I was able to do some research and come into existence. And then from there, we moved into this ramping system, which is probably hard to believe but almost 100 years later, we've got a lot of these types of ramp systems. And so we've got some flat structures and then we've got some flat plate structures and then we've got these ramps. And it's been around, again, 99 years and there hasn't been a lot of change to it. And that's where now we've got this Internet of Things, this technology, all these things that is multi-generational. Kids are looking at different things, different types of problems and being creative. And we're going to cover a lot of, you know, what's going on in building design. But I love this. And this picks on my group, the architects, so if you're an architect, you can probably laugh as I did, just thinking about this topic. But you know, Mark Records talked about a parking deck and said, in the Pantheon of Building Types, the parking garage looks somewhere in the vicinity of prisons and toll plazas. Hopefully, if you're an engineer architect online today, you're laughing. Is this true? The New York Times labeled parking structures the grim afterthought of American design. How true is that? Because we've made some pretty ugly parking decks. I've raised my hand, too. I'm responsible for some. So we've got parking structures, again, in architects, engineers, design professionals, developers. We can stand up and say, hey, we can do some cool things. I'm going to give you some options as we kind of move through today of what you can do to make these parking decks iconic or make these parking decks not look like parking decks. And then we're going to play a little feature about what's going on around the world and talk about what's going on with parking structures and parking decks. Here is a nice building. This is a parking structure down in Miami. And again, you can't really tell from the front facade, it's parking. But then what I love about this is it lets in natural light during the day. And then it also allows manufactured light or light to come out to the exterior. So it's a very, very user-friendly kind of a design that you typically would not think for a parking structure. But it's precast. Can you believe? Nice, white, clean precast. It doesn't have spandrels, column covers. I mean, it's just a real nice, clean design. Love this deck. This deck's kind of cool. It's got an exercise facility on the bottom of it. I show their rendering just because that's all they would allow me to. But this deck is actually radius. So in this situation here is the architect's thinking, okay, how am I going to adapt this garage later on for this campus, and how am I going to go ahead and add windows at a later date and make this adaptable garage? Because I know employees in 20 years may not all be driving into this parking facility in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. So they're thinking about the future, and that's what we're going to play a lot and talk about today. Again, I mean, does it look like a parking structure? Probably not. It's an architectural facade, architectural precast project. This is a neat project. And when I was at IPI, I had a lot of parking officials at airports, and they were asking questions like, Jim, what do we do? Uber is hurting our – we'll keep building parking structures at the airport, and now the demand's down. People are taking Uber back and forth to the airport. They're using ride share programs, bus at a different – and there's nothing really they can do. It's just a change. It's a change in the way people – it's a change in mobility. So do you have to plan for it? Yes. We have to look 10 years, 20 years down the line, how people are going to move, how people are going to do things when we start building these – designing these structures of today. Again, just another South Florida project, parking deck. Got retail on the bottom, you can see, and then a magnificent structure up above with the architecture precast. The Z deck. Z deck is in Detroit, Michigan. I got a chance to walk through it a couple of days ago. Total precast structure. Again, how many times have you ever seen a rendering and the actual building absolutely looks better than the rendering, but in this situation, it does. I mean, just really, really, really just amazing. At the retail level, you have parking above, but again, you've got a total precast structure. So we're going to spend quite a bit of time talking about that. So we're talking about multi-use buildings or mixed-use buildings. Again, this is kind of where we've seen a lot of where we've got retail kind of entrances at the bottom, entrances to the parking. You've got three levels of parking, and then you come up typically on the lower level, you've got handicap parking. And here, you've got three or four levels of parking, and then up above, you've got a nice MOB or hospital space on the top. So really, that's kind of where we see kind of the next generation. So it's not all parking. It's kind of a mix of some different things, but we're going to take you a little bit further than this type of design as we move on. There's a great project in this here, has multi-family, has office space, has a hotel, and then parking. So again, we're talking about a lot of different California. So this project, it's about 10 years old, and why I put this project up for you to see is it really shows precast. It's an all-precast box, parking, retail, and your entrances for parking and some handicaps on the first floor. You've got retail, you've got three levels of parking, and then you've got condominiums up above. But the same design for the retail space, the same design for the parking space, and the same design for the condo space is this double-T wall system. So it's just really basically a kit of parts put together. But what we're seeing now is that people, you know, they've had drop-in ceilings forever. They may have some sort of holocore, but now we're seeing people with exposed double-Ts. What that does is it gives you, you know, 24, 20 more inches of room at the top of your ceiling. And then, like, where we see the hood in the kitchen area, you're dropping in the ceiling. So this total precast or loft look is becoming more and more popular around the country. And why? It's because people are changing the way that they live, they're changing the way – having to change our designs to meet our current needs really is what it's about. We talk about total precast in our typical garage. We'll talk about typical today. You've got an internal ramping system in the center of the bay here. You've got the loading of the structure is being loaded into these what we call sheer walls on the inside. You may have some load-bearing spandrels on the outside of the parking deck, and you've got double-Ts, kind of a kit of parts, sheer walls. You'll see in the next couple pictures some light walls. But in here, in a typical parking garage, you have a bay spacing of about 60 feet per bay. That allows you to have two cars park on both sides of that bay spacing. The length of the spots are 18 feet, so that gives you roughly 24 feet in the center for drive aisles. I'm going to spend a lot of time today talking about kind of how we can design garages differently in the future. But just think about that. You've got one bay, and maybe in this parking deck here, you may have three bays wide, or you may have the drive aisle in the center. But typically, in a bay like this, you would have a 60-foot. So that garage there may be 180 feet wide. And then it's probably, you're talking about 240 long. So if we look in here, these are some white walls inside a total precast garage. I'm showing you this to kind of get you built up for some cool stuff as we kind of move through it. But here, you've got light walls. You've got light walls here. On the outside, you have what we would call a multi-deck system, where you have one level. And then the next level is, if you're ramping to go into a garage, maybe half a level high. But I just love the architectural, just how beautiful aesthetically the cable barrier system is on the outside of it. Again, I wish we could get away with it or move away from that type of product. But again, we're talking about a total precast parking garage. So this is one of my favorite quotes. So if I had asked people what they wanted, they would have said, faster horses, Henry Ford. Great quote. You think about it. Henry Ford. If he would have just said, faster horses, where would we be with the assembly line for cars? Where would we be today? It's called a disruption in thinking. Innovative disruption. Maybe the Harvard Business Review term. It's really thinking about a societal problem and a problem and looking at it maybe a little differently. And really, the quote, and I've heard this a lot from a lot of practitioners. I was in Detroit yesterday talking to some practitioners. And the quote came up, where you park today might be your future home or office. And we've got to really start thinking about that. Because of this whole mobility issue, I'll take some time and we're going to dive a lot in it. So we talk about really, IPI Magazine had a great article on looks at just mobility and the Internet of Things and technology and how they're affecting traffic, how they're attacking transportation, and how they're affecting parking. So these are some things I'm going to cover a lot as we go through it. The mass migration suburbia to urban centers, I'm going to cover. We're going to talk about millennials driving less. I mean, if you have a millennial out there, how are they driving less? And I'll talk a lot about that. If you're five years old or younger, I mean, if you have a five-year-old at the house, reality is the studies say that they probably never get a driver's license. That's crazy. I grew up in a generation where I couldn't wait to get the freedom of a driver's license. I'm going to cover that. Rideshare, bike share, car share, or transit options. We're going to talk a lot about that. Autonomous vehicles. Wow. I've put in a lot of stuff about autonomous vehicles and kind of what I see moving forward with that. Again, it's a future. And then less vehicular traffic on pedestrian walkways. What does that look like? What does it happen? So we've seen what's happened, and I grew up outside of Washington, D.C., and we've seen this mass exodus back in the 60s, 70s, where people moved out of the inner city to get what they thought were better schools. Typically, they were. They moved out of the larger cities and said, okay, hey, we're going to move out. And we were okay driving an hour or two hours to work. We'd sit there and we'd drive. We just know this is part of our life. So we miss soccer games. We miss football games. It's just part of our everyday life. That's just what we did. We lived outside. It was more affordable. We had a little bit more land, and we were okay driving an hour or two hours in. I mean, it was just part of our life. So we've had this dynamic shift in population, really due to maybe part of the downturn in the economy. But in 2010, what we're seeing now is we're now seeing the baby boomers, which is my generation. We're seeing the millennials, okay, the young professionals are now moving back in the city. So let me give you a hint about me. So I live in downtown Chicago. I walk to work. About 20 minutes, grocery store's in the bottom of my building. So I sold my home in Atlanta with all the acreage, big house. I stuck a kid in every room I could. I had to text everybody to tell them that it was time to eat. And it was just my life. I thought that was okay. And so now, my wife and I got the kids in college, we said, hey, let's go to the big city and see what it's all about. It's been a blast. Walk to work, ride bikes, take the dog out, throw stuff on the beach. Life's different. So for me, I understand this. I understand why my building has a lot of people my age and then people 30 and under moving into the building. Because it's a different type of life. They don't want to spend that time that I spent 20 years in a car driving back and forth from my job. So these are a couple of projects. I'll just take you through this Aragon place, which is in Ann Arbor. I like the building. It's a mixed-use building, again, seven stories of residential units. It's a total precast structure. But what's interesting about this building is it's just basically a kit of parts, mixed-use building that doesn't look like a mixed-use building. It doesn't look like what you would think of a concrete structure. But again, we've got a very basic retail-oriented foundation. We've got a couple levels of parking, and then we're moving into these residential units. So again, if you didn't see those second and third level, and if you saw windows in there, you probably would add that there's parking there. So it's really, really kind of what we're seeing in this new design criteria for buildings around the country. So this is a subject that probably got a lot of background. So millennials driving less than previous generations or don't care much for cars. I know when I was in high school, man, I just wanted a muscle car or something that went fast, that got everybody to look at me and drew attention to me. Now people do it in different ways. People are more worried about gas mileage. So the millennials are changing the way. They're not looking for those types of cars most. So typically, a lot of them, we're seeing a lot of them not get driver's licenses. Typically, they're not taking long trips. Most of the students that you talk to are millennial in that generation. They're looking at alternate means of transportation. And so what was funny is I went to New York City with some boys that I mentor, and I took 12 of them. We're sitting there. We've been riding subways, buses, bikes, everywhere over New York City for a weekend. At the end, I said, guys, I just want to do a survey with you. If you had to drive five hours on a trip, would you drive that trip, or how would you do it? None of them said they would ever drive or ever be in a car again with their parents or anybody else for five hours. They said, no way. They said, Mr. Jim, do you understand that I would be off the internet for five hours? That means I cannot text, I cannot snap, I cannot do anything else for five entire hours while we're in the car. I was like, wow, that's crazy. But that's the way they live. That's the way they think. And so now we're seeing these longer trips, and they jump in a plane, and may not take that trip. They may get on a bus. We're seeing the ridership on buses and trains are increasing. So I live in a big city. I live in Chicago. So we've got all these. We've got ride share, bike share. We're seeing all these sharing things going in and being available to us. So we're able to move around. So in the city of Chicago, technically for me, I don't really have to have a car. I can get around Uber. I use Uber and Lyft quite a bit. I ride the buses, mass transit. We've got an airline. So there's a lot of things going on around transit options and what we would call the share programs. Autonomous vehicles. I know you love this picture, because I do too, because it just looks so cool. So you've got the steering wheel behind you, you're riding down the road. You're probably, if you're an autonomous vehicle, you're probably doing 100, 150 miles an hour. Because each car is going to be connected to itself. They can ride three inches off each bumper. They can have smaller width and lanes. So again, electronically, okay, we're using the Internet of Things as driving. Looks like they're doing some gaming there, maybe watching a full-length movie. So maybe five hours, somebody else, you know, autonomous vehicle driving. You've got a solar panel on the top, which is probably giving you, you know, some photovoltaics on the top, some PVs, help you with some of the energy. So it's a totally different vibe, a totally different thing. Now for me, when I have to drive around Chicago, wow, it's so crazy, cars coming in and out, people not paying attention to traffic, people not understanding our traffic laws. It would be nice for cars to be connected car-to-car and not have these issues, if you talk about it. So let's talk about autonomous vehicles. I'm going to give you the whole story about it. Will autonomous vehicles affect the urban-suburban dynamic? It says now that also, with autonomous vehicles, suburbs, because of commuting, maybe people will stay in the suburbs, okay? So if you're driving now and you're driving your own car into the city, it's more stressful, okay? So, but now, if you could get an autonomous vehicle, would you ride in that hour where you're watching a movie or working? So wouldn't it be cool to get in a car at your house, go ahead, launch into a GoToMeeting or Webex meeting, when you get in the car for the first hour, your boss is paying you for that first hour when you're on your way into work. How cool would that be? You know what I mean? So I'm just talking about different stuff. You don't have to worry about parking, get in your car, and just think about it, if every car was three inches from each other, you had, the lanes didn't have to be so wide because people are swerving, instead of a two-lane highway, it becomes a three-lane highway, the density of cars could be so much more increased, you're probably going to go a lot faster, get there quicker, but you can go ahead and clock in at work and start working when you get in there. So it's just, it's so different when we start thinking about autonomous vehicles. Another aspect of that is the types of cars. When we talk about it, who's got programs, I kind of came, saw this chart, put it up on here, and what it shows here is just where everybody is with cars. How many of you went in on the next-gen Tesla? How many put the $1,000 down on the next-gen Tesla to see what comes out and believe it's about a $38,000 car? I'm one of those people. I may not even need a car, but I'm one of those people that put the money down on kind of what the next generation of autonomous vehicles or these next generation of cars. Still in pros and cons, okay? And one of the studies which I thought was interesting was nine out of ten automobile accidents happen by human error. Go figure. I mean, nine out of ten. Computers at the wheel, again, we're talking about, excuse me, traffic jams, talking about delays would probably disappear. Cars would be talking to each other and connected to each other. One of the downsides, one of the cons, we'll say, is the sophistication and the loss of human control. Tesla's autopilot accident that they had, you know, where the car went into a tractor-trailer, Tesla's still working on it to work out the bugs. There's also this internal resistance that I find interesting where truck and taxi drivers and automobile insurance companies and car dealers are all kind of hesitant or resistant. Why? Because it's going to directly affect their organizations. And we've really got to really talk about autonomous vehicles and talk about regulatory and transportation infrastructures. This is kind of cool. This is Charles de Gaulle Airport. This is a parking system that's an autonomous parking system. So you pull in to a, basically to an entrance area, get out of your car, the system comes in and picks up your car and moves it and stacks it. So your density requirement in your parking deck increases because you don't need to open your doors to get out of your car. You don't need 24 feet to park your car because this machine is autonomously parking your car. It knows based on an app where you need to go. So I mean, it really changes the dynamic of parking today. This is a real, this is kind of a big issue for me. Living in Chicago, having, living adjacent to Michigan Avenue and Magnificent Mile and here we've just got so much traffic on the Magnificent Mile. I spend a lot of time in Europe walking around Europe and a lot of pedestrian areas in Europe for people to walk around. And here in the United States, we don't have a lot of pedestrian friendly areas. What that changes from the dynamic is, if you think about it from mobility concerns, it allows people to walk, allows people to ride bikes and moves that exhaust and things away from that area. So if you have autonomous vehicles or even today, having more pedestrian friendly areas allows people to walk. I mean, when somebody gets in a crosswalk all the time in these areas because everybody's trying to move as fast as they can to get somewhere and you've got a massive influx of people. And so you're seeing a lot of streets. I was in Detroit again yesterday and Woodward Avenue and places was closed down out of pedestrian traffic to try and infuse, infuse some energy and make some safer zones for people moving traffic around. So this is just, I'm going to use this demonstration to talk about parking minimums, kind of what's going on with parking around the United States. Again, this is a complex or called City Line. And then here is, you see the State Farm Building, which I showed it to you a minute ago and this is all the parking. But if you look at this kind of multifamily retail, hotel, future site type of development, look at all the parking structures. So what's amazing to me is kind of, you know, as an urban guy or looking at it is what happens if everybody leaves their office or goes to work from seven o'clock to nine and then they go to and they leave from four o'clock to six. I mean, there's probably not enough big enough roads to get all those people out of there. So but the other problem with it is, is that, you know, you've got all this parking. Why can't people just walk to work or bike to work? Why does for every office cubicle that you've got there, you've got to have one parking spot or you've got one house or one parking spot. So they're really having a lot of cities and areas are having these conversations about parking minimums, kind of what happens with parking and why you don't need to have as much parking. One thing I noticed in Detroit was that most of the people, most of the younger millennial generations are working typically from 10 to 10, maybe 10 to eight. So I could go out and ask one of them, I said, so explain to me, you come in at 10, your boss is silent. Oh, yeah, that's fine. I really don't want to be in the traffic in the morning. And I go out at night with my friends, I game at night. So normally I go to bed about two, get my eight hours, I show up to work at about eight. So I work eight to, you know, I normally get in somewhere around 10. And I work normally somewhere, you know, eight o'clock. He said, no, I give them a good 10 or 12 hours a day. And he said, but you know, he said, it's just the way I work. It's the way I took my classes in college. It's the way my schedule is set up. I enjoy it. And my worker, my boss loves it. So that's kind of a neat dynamic if you think about taking people in traffic away from some of these areas, just doing some flex time. There's been a lot written about Apple and Apple Park. And these are two total precast garages that were built on the campus. We know the Foster and Partners did an amazing job in the design of the structure and the design of the main building and these parking decks. But again, total precast. But Cupertino, again, talking about parking minimums, Cupertino said, you know, hey, you need to build 11,000 parking spaces for 14,000 workers. I'm not going to heap on like everyone else has been picking on this. But the fact of the reality is that at Apple Park, there's 318,000 square meters of office and labs and 325,000 square meters for parking cars. There's more room for parking than there is for people to actually work. So Apple's in the development of autonomous vehicles. You have all kinds of share programs for these millennials that are working at Apple. So there's been a lot of talk. There's really our old sense of parking minimums. Does it make sense? And does it make sense in future, looking at future generations, and how they use Uber, how they use these share programs? So just kind of a case in point, again, a total pre-gas photovoltaics on the roof of these parking decks. So again, if half the employees, let's say 7,000 of the 14,000 employees decide to ride with another worker to work, basically, you're not going to have any cars in these two parking decks that they just built. Or you may have half of one parking deck, I think, as a density. So just think about that when you're thinking about it. Two people ride together to work. That'll be 7,000 cars. And based on how many cars can go into the main building, which is a mile circle, just think exactly how many people are really going to be parking in these parking decks moving forward. We can't have a discussion without talking about what are we going to do with our existing garages. It's been a big topic in Chicago. It was a topic yesterday in Detroit. It just comes up in most of my conversations. And so really, we've got a tremendous amount of real estate right now in the country in parking structures, parking garages. Right now, there's 500 million parking spaces for nearly 326 million people. But there's a problem with that. You would think, why do we need to keep building parking garages? Why do we still need to do that? The reason we need to still do it is because they're in the suburban malls. They're outside the city. They may be in a high school. They may be in a college campus. They've got all this ground surface level parking. So really, we need to keep building parking garages based on where the people live. If people are moving out of suburban and moving back into urban, they're still driving their cars, you've got to still provide parking. So what do we do with the existing garages? We talk about the existing garages, kind of what's new, what can help, what are some things. SCAD, Savannah College of Art and Design, has a campus in Atlanta, campus in Savannah. I'm so lucky that this summer, we have an intern that's going to architecture school. And we love talking about the internet of things. And this is kind of his school. And we just love talking about solutions for society. I really would love to show this to you. But the dean that was part of this program said, when we think about impacts of demolition and reconstruction, we're going to need to watch existing assets sort of grind their way into obsolescence, or we can enable them to evolve into other things. And really, so SCAD has come out with what these are called SCAD pads. And as I started showing these SCAD pads around the country and started looking at the different types of systems, what was amazing to me with these are is that you can take an existing parking structure, and if it's a flat slab type of structure and you don't have ramps in it, you can create these communities. And then these communities with these SCAD pads is that you're basically building a trailer about 180 square feet. And then you have two trailers together. And then you have all this common area. What's interesting about these SCAD pads is that you can take the traditional garage, 40-pound live load, and you can go ahead and use these. But for transitional houses, for homeless, even we've got a college person that heads up parking at a major university said, wow, this would be great for freshman housing. They would have their own unit, their own housing, and a single unit. And then they have these shared spaces. So we have this little park in the corner. You could have ping pong tables or anything else outdoors. And typically, a garage, you've got plenty of room to run electric, plenty of room to run water chases and things like that. So this gives a very, very, very unique opportunity to use something with an existing deck. Just kind of showing you the trailer frame that they're using, kind of one that's been finished. It's called SCAD pad. I mean, there's a lot of information on the internet to look at it. But this is part of the information I got from this magazine. So it's really, really some cool options moving on. So let's kind of talk about what technology and how technology can change parking structures and what happens as we look at parking structures in the future. One of these is something that's been developed or introduced by Tesla. It's called Summon. And what this is, I'll try and explain it to you, is you walk into a portico chair, a little area. You get out of your car. You hit your fob. And the car automatically parks itself. So that means that the car is parking itself in a smaller space. The car is parking itself without you having to get in and out of it. And it's just coming exactly on time. So what's unique about it is there's a couple of things. With this type of technology, and again, some of this is available, some of it's not. Some of it's in the future, still in development. Again, let's say you have a parking deck and it's got 500 spaces. Well, if you go from a 9 foot, 9'6", or 10 foot space in some areas of the country, and you go down and you're parking a Tesla or one of these self-parking cars, it may be 6 and 1⁄2, 7 feet wide. Well, what happens there when you do that is you double the density. You basically improve the density of the garage by 50%. So the car can come in and park. And you're going to be able, because of density, you can get 50% more cars in that garage. What's interesting about that, too, is the cars are connected. So let's say you and I are in the garage at the same time. We're both working. And I hit the app and say, I want my car at 4 and not 5. And your car is behind my car. Well, now with these types of systems, the cars will be connected to each other. And they'll move each other around to bring my car out that was behind your car. The other cool part about this technology is maybe you're able to move the parking deck away from the heavy pedestrian traffic area within your city. And maybe that deck's not in the expensive real estate section. And maybe it's a mile or two away from that area. So it's moving the cars quickly away from that area. And it's going to cut down on the accidents of people when they're in that area. So as we talk about a typical base space, we talked about it a little earlier, this is a garage, typical three-day garage, 60 feet wide. And this garage is 280 feet, 5 feet long. I'm going to talk a little bit about what you can do with this type of footprint. So this garage here, if you take an existing garage and you self-park cars, then you'll be able to stack cars. So maybe there is, maybe instead of your 24-foot drive lane here, it goes to 12 feet. And you're able to get two cars on the left side, two cars on the right side if you're coming in the deck, which is dramatically increasing the density of the parking deck. And again, the spaces are going down to 6 or 7 feet wide. So again, you're able to take a traditional garage like this and just being able to self-park cars in that garage, your density just is dramatically increased. So maybe you don't have to build another parking deck. Maybe you can just make your parking deck that you have now more efficient, and whether it's with technology within the cars or technology within some of the parking systems. Town Planning Urban Design Collaborative has this design out. I like it. Again, it shows the entry area for the drop-off service where the car is dropped off. Person gets out and goes into their office. In this situation here, you've got two stories of office and two stories of parking. Again, you see large head heights in the workspace. And then you've got light, probably 10-foot head heights in the garage. I mean, if we move towards these type of autonomous vehicles, we may not have cars that are four-wheel drive trucks, these big trucks that take up, or big vehicles that take up massive parking spots. You'd also need more room to turn in and parking. So things, again, are changing. If we look, and this came from Boston Consulting, and the next slide then came from McKinsey, but there's a lot. Both companies are involved in a lot of this. So as we talk about this slide, the big interesting thing about this slide is a typical car uses 5% of the time. 95% of the time, the cars park. It's in a garage, house, or street, not being used. I mean, I would love for you to challenge you to go through and look at your time, but I've asked 100 people, and no one's been anywhere close to 5%. That's the national average. But if we look at these garages, and we start doing these shared fleet, where we're sharing a car using ride share types of programs, and maybe we're two, three, four types of people. Maybe you and three people in your neighborhood all work in the same building, or close to the same building. Well then, you share a car, and then that car parks. You all four ride into work together, and then you switch around who's driving, or maybe it's an autonomous vehicle, and all four of you ride into work. Again, these densities of these new garages are really gonna maximize efficiency, not only in the garage, but the efficiency of your time. So a lot of things are being done. There's also Wash U is looking at electric vehicles, and a scenario like this, you're going into a parking deck looking for a charger station. When you charge in, you go in now, you go in for eight, 12, 24 hours, three days, four days before you move your car. A lot of these systems are saying, okay, let's just, if you pull into the deck, and you either plug in, or there's some sort of a system to bring the energy wirelessly from the vehicle, but Wash U's looking at the ability to take, everybody pulls in the garage at 100% charge, pull that energy out of all the cars, because they're sitting there wasteful for 12 hours, go in and take that energy, use it to run lights, and different types of systems, and then when you get ready to go, the app will know what time, and they'll give you a burst of energy to get home and come back to work the next day. So they're harvesting the energy, and not wasting the energy over the course of a day just sitting there. Again, if we look at this, is kind of a cool looking at it in the future. You've got the retail area, you've got a parking, look at the density of parking back to back here. You've got a green space here. This is kind of the deck we're looking at 2025, 2035. But what's amazing about this slide is the retraction in parking. There will be 5.7 billion square meters of less parking needed, or available in the United States by 2035. All right, so 17, 18 years from today, we're gonna have 5.7 billion square meters less parking, which is basically about half the size of Connecticut. It's pretty amazing with the internet of things, IoT is coming to our industry. Now, let's talk about some adaptable garages. And what I mean by adaptable garage would be is, adaptable garage would be a garage that's today designed for future use. And what that means is that that garage may be designed for a parking deck today, and over the course of time, as the parking demand decreases, they start converting areas within the building to office space, public housing, maybe some more retail, and changing the dynamic of that building. Because let's face it, if it's a total precast building, the longevity of that building, hundreds of buildings around have been around over 50 years. So if you're doing a total precast structure, I think you have to assume you're looking at a 50-year building life or longer. So, but if we do it, and we build a parking deck, and we say, hey, we're gonna build it, and we don't really think about adaptability, we just can't roll carpet out and throw it out and say, okay, now I'm gonna use it for housing. You've gotta start thinking about some things to deal with as you do it. One of the first things that you have to think about is the load, the live load factor to carry a car, and a parking structure, total precast parking structure is 40 pounds a square foot. When you look at live load, for an apartment complex, maybe 40 or 50, but then all the quarters has to be 100. Well, if it's an office building, it's gonna be somewhere 80 to 100. So now, a lot of developers and owners are saying, hey, really, that's a primo spot where that parking garage is gonna go? Let's go ahead and do some features and do some design things in it to pick up these live loads and let's design it so as my parking density decreases, I can change the building, and change the building into something that can last 50 or 100 years after the parking's out. What's been amazing is, is we talk a lot about the return on investment. You know, what is it, how long the parking deck's paid off, and where you can move on. But one of the things when we talk about adaptability garages is, you really gotta talk early on about ceilings. This is a men's shelter on the right, the picture on the right. Again, you've got way too much stuff on the underside of that total precast room there. That's gotta interfere with some different things. So you need to think about, if you're gonna adapt it and how you adapt it so that you can put some adequate plumbing, HVAC type of chases within the building. It's kinda looking at a 14 foot, 16 foot head height, column and beam type of situation in a precast building. So, one of the other factors if you're doing a, if you're talking about a building, and talking about using it for adaptable reuses, you really gotta talk about adding stairs, adding elevators, because the density requirements are different than for a parking deck. So that's gotta be part of this early conversation, as you start talking about it. The other thing that happens in parking is that typically you've got slope, or you've cricketed the fees, or you are to, and you're looking at an eighth of an inch over a foot, a quarter inch over a foot, depending on the area, and you've got drains. So what a lot of people are talking about now is what we call an access flooring, or, and those types of systems, to go ahead and get the flooring system leveled up. So if you do design the building, and you design it for a parking today, and you wanna come back in five years or 10 years, you can use these types of flooring products to be able to meet up with the, you're able to meet up with the changes in the floor heights because of the drains. So there's a lot of things that you can do if you're doing an adaptable garage, designing it today for future expansion. The ramping system is a big part of it, and why is the ramping system a big part of it? Because if you use flat slabs inside your parking deck, then, and you don't have internal ramping, then you have to have some sort of external ramping system. There's express ramp, and then there's a radius ramping. And so there's a couple different areas for ramping. What happens with that is you may pull those ramps off at a later date, that may be a park, that may be access. One developer said it would be storage at a later date. But those things typically are external of the garage, and we'll call it the adaptable garage of the future, and kind of how that building's gonna work and how that building's gonna correspond with future use. So if we look at this building here, this is a rendering, a Google SketchUp rendering. And here is kind of what we're thinking, and if we're thinking about it. So first floor is retail, okay, today. Let's say we built this garage today. First floor is retail, second floor is parking. We would go ahead, third floor is parking, fourth floor is parking, and we would have parking on the top. We would have a radius or ramp system on one end of the building via view access. And let's say in 10 years, no one was parking on the top floor. Maybe people were ride sharing or sharing vehicles, and it was not being used. And maybe at the same time, we'll call it the fourth floor, was not having any access to cars. At that point, you convert that space, green space up top. Great for the retail, great for what you're doing on your fourth floor, where you're creating some office space. And then let's say five years later, office space is going good, and parking is declining. You come back in and put some residential units. And maybe five years after that, maybe you still have to have some parking. But in this type of situation here is, you've got a lot of variability. So over the course, let's say this is 20, and 20 years later, you may have mixed use, you may have the green space on the top, you may have office space, you may have a residential space, and then parking, or you can convert for basically three floors into a adaptable reuse structure. Now, how do you do that? Well, one of the things is you elevate the head heights, the floor-to-floor heights, to meet the access floors and raise those up. Typically, they're 10 or 12 feet. Now, they may go up to 14 feet. Retail probably go up. But you design these buildings, and maybe you look at some light tunnels to get some light into those apartments. Or maybe they get enough natural light from the exterior walls. So you've really got to change kind of the dynamic. And instead of maybe doing a 60, 60, 60 bay, maybe the bay is 50 feet, 20 feet, 50 feet. And the reason you're doing that is because maybe you can't get a traditional T that'll span 60 feet for the live load to get to 80 or 100. Maybe that T is 50 feet long. So, I mean, there's a lot of things, and you can call your local pre-caster, and they're gonna be able to help you with this. Excuse me, but there's a lot of interesting things that you can do with these adaptable garages. But everyone is ready to start having these conversations. Again, everywhere I speak on the subject, everywhere where I meet with people, everybody's asking, how do you do it? What's the cost percentages? How does it work? What are some things we need to look at? But if you think about it, how cool would that be to build a parking garage today, and 20 years, 10 years later, you're no longer parking in the deck, and you're actually sleeping in the deck, or you're working in the deck. I just think it's so super cool. So, if we talk about kind of going toward the end, you know, cities, every city that I'm talking in or part of is talking about how to get this what we call smart construction. I don't know if it's smart, but I think it's adaptable, looking at what the future holds. People are talking about moving max parking ratios, minimum parking based on land uses. We're seeing a big, big move in reduction of parking demand based on the TOD or shared use. The cities are requiring a lot more of the first floor to be used for non-parking, and we're seeing some adaptive use tax credits. So, you know, what's cool to me is we've been designing buildings as architects and engineers and designers. We've been designing buildings for hundreds of years, and we've taken all these tobacco warehouses in different parts of the country and converted them into REI stores. One in Denver is super cool, and you're just seeing a lot of adaptable use of existing structures, and we figure out how we adapt it and make it reused, and parking is in the same sweet spot. We need to have these fundamental discussions and discuss exactly what's gonna happen about where we're going with parking. I'm putting this in, a couple slides in here, but it's because this is a historic building. They wanted a parking structure. They wanted a parking structure that would fit in with the building, the existing building that's over 100 years old, and they said, okay, we want it to be a total precast building and a parking structure, but we want it to look and meet kind of some of the criteria from the old brick. Well, typically, if you're trying to match old brick that was laid by a mason, the first thing you should do is just about cry. It's almost impossible, because they're able to cheat out courses of brick. They're able to make the brick just by using the mortar, so there are a lot of techniques in the precast industry now where you can go in and buy form liners and buy brick that match things that are 100 years old, so a funny story, years ago, I was working on a project in Vanderbilt, and we couldn't figure out why the brick would not line up, and over 100 feet of a wall on the hospital, we found that the mason had cheated 10 courses of brick, so he made all of his bed joints all taller so that he did not have enough brick, so he figured out, okay, I don't want to buy more brick, don't have enough, don't know why, but so the precaster had to go in and make all the joints, all the bed joints thicker, so we're getting into some cool stuff as we look at these new garages, just kind of the finished picture of it, so again, precast can meet just about any type of design option. I mean, this is Duke, again, and we start looking at these garages, and we start looking at them and saying, wow, you know what, is that a garage, or is that an office building, is that somewhere where I could possibly live? We're seeing a lot of change in design, and so really, what I want to encourage you to do, and as I'm wrapping up now, I really want to encourage you to have these conversations, not only with your employees, with the people you interact with, sit down at your breakfast table with your family, talk to your kids and say, what do you think? I mean, is this crazy, or is this just really the internet of things and technology talking and kind of where we're moving? But what's neat about it is, I love having these conversations. There's some tough conversations. A lot of people have made decisions, but in talking with the developers and the people in these inner cities, they're excited about the opportunity to bring life back to their city, move cars away, reduce the density, get people on some rideshare-type programs. You know, you go to Europe, you see a lot of this. So here in the States, again, in some areas, we're behind. We've got to do some different things, but the future's bright. There's a lot of cool things that we can do, and I hope you're excited about the future as I am. I mean, but I think this is gonna happen sooner than we think. You know, I heard a thing the other day that said there'll be more patents in the next five years on technology than there were patents 100 years previous. And so there's just a huge movement around the United States. But the internet of things and technology, it kind of changed the way we live. It changed the way we work. So I want to take this time to thank you, and we'll see if Becky's got any questions. And just really, really thank you for taking an hour out of your day and spending it with me and talking about the future. Have a wonderful day. Thank you. Thank you.

future of parking

mobility

parking structures

adaptable garages

mixed-use parking structures

technology in parking

Internet of Things

autonomous vehicles

parking regulations