Good afternoon. Welcome to PCI's webinar series. Today's presentation is Precast Concrete Systems and Mixed-Use Parking Applications, Part 2. I'm Royce Covington, Manager of Member Services at PCI, and I'll be your moderator for this session. Before I turn the controls over to your presenters for today, I have a few introductory items to note. This educational activity is protected by U.S. and international copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display, and use of the educational activity without written permission of the presenters is prohibited. Earlier today, we sent an email to all registered attendees with handouts of today's presentation. The email contained a webinar attendance sign-in sheet, a guide to downloading your Certificate of Continuing Education, and a PDF of today's presentation. Today's presentation's PDF has been updated and is available now and can be found in the handouts section located near the bottom of your webinar toolbox. 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Your login name at www.rcep.net is your email address, so please do not leave that blank if you're completing the sign-in sheet. We need your email address to get you your certificate for this course. Our presenters for today are Todd Helmer, Chief Executive Officer of THA Consulting Incorporated. He is responsible for the overall vision and strategic direction of the company, as well as client relationships, business management, financial management, and overall corporate operations. Todd has over 30 years of experience in the field of planning, engineering, and architecture. With his expertise and leadership as principal in charge, Todd's parking, planning, and functional designs of mixed-use parking structures for higher education, healthcare, as well as many other market sectors have led to award-winning projects throughout the country. Joining Todd is Kevin Kerrigan, Vice President of THA Consulting, Inc. Kevin leads the firm's nationwide program in structural engineering and asset management services. His expertise includes structural design and documentation for mixed-use and parking structures, corporate offices, and research and development facilities. Kevin has served as past president of the Delaware Valley Association of Structural Engineers and is a member of the American Concrete Institute, American Society of Civil Engineers, and International Concrete Repair Institute. I'll now hand the controls over so that we can begin our presentation. Great. Thank you, Royce. Good afternoon, everyone. This is Todd Helmer with THA Consulting. First and foremost, just wanted to thank PCI and PCI Mid-Atlantic for providing the opportunity to present today and also appreciate everybody attending this seminar. So, just initially, this course description, as mentioned, is precast concrete systems and mixed-use parking applications. What I'll be doing first is giving kind of an overview of parking structures, mixed-use aspects within the parking industry, kind of where we were and where we are in heading in the future. And Kevin, if I can turn it over to Kevin. Kevin, do you want to talk just a little bit about your portion, please? Yes. This is Kevin Carrigan with THA as well. I'll be discussing design considerations for mixed-use precast buildings. I'll talk about the level of complexity of these buildings, code requirements, design tips for precast buildings. I'll get into the typical precast concrete framing systems based on use. So, for example, parking use, retail, housing, office use. I'll get into example plans for a mixed-use precast building that THA designed. And then I'll talk about the benefits of using a total precast mixed-use building. And finally, I'll end up with maintenance needs for parking garages in general for various types of structural systems. Great. Thank you, Kevin. Again, this is Todd. And, you know, just a little bit of kind of background related to where we were. Personally, I've been in this industry since the early 90s. And obviously, the parking industry has been in existence even prior to that. But, you know, from the early mid-90s to the present, I know that many on the call today have witnessed the transformation of parking over the years. And it's certainly advanced from what we kind of see as years ago, where parking was really, just to kind of keep it simple, was really more two-park vehicles. And the progression of other aspects didn't really take hold probably until probably like the early to mid-2000s. So, when you look at parking, you look at parking structures as built years ago. Parking cars, architecture is fairly basic and simple. The mixed-use applications really didn't come into play until the 2000s, when the trend really kind of went on an uptick. Technology, obviously, technology was a little bit behind around that time as well. And sustainability certainly has not progressed at the trajectory as it has today. So, what you see on the screen are some of the parking structures of kind of the mid-90s and years ago. And you can see that most likely, if a lot of these parking structures designed today has certain applications, but would require some certain upgrades as well. So, where we are. So, where we are. One thing that I just wanted to point out here, and I'm sure many in the industry looks at metrics and data, Grandview Research here, it provided this and it did a little bit of research, but I found that this was very interesting. You know, that as we sit today, 21 to 22, we're about 18 billion dollars. The U.S. precast concrete market is contributing 18 billion dollars worth of products. It's contributing 18 billion dollars worth of product, which is unbelievable and it's amazing when you really think about it. I know up to about 2020, historically, I think a lot of it was composed of structural building components, but you can see this timeline here from 2020 to 2030, you can see that obviously it's on the uptick, but you can see also that other aspects and components of precast components have increased as well, namely architectural. And the architectural building components has certainly responded to marketplace and client conditions and requests. And, you know, one of the other things to say about this too is, you know, as this trend continues, you know, I would say that the industry, in particular the precast industry, has continued to push the innovation concrete technologies, really, really push kind of R&D. So precast industry has certainly started to very much respond to market needs. This just shows kind of a proportion of what you see in market sector, you know, a good balance of it is residential and commercial, but again, it's the precast concrete market continues to have a strong hold on construction and infrastructure projects as well. When you talk about parking, you know, I mentioned a few minutes ago that, you know, when parking structures were built years ago, it was meant to basically store vehicles. Now, many times you're looking at parking as placemaking. And, you know, basically, what does that mean? You know, parking is really now seen as a place to store vehicles. And, you know, basically, what does that mean? You know, parking is really now seen more as a critical element to revitalizing areas and being a catalyst of that. You can see many times in dense or downtown urban areas that parking is a critical component to spur economic development and solution in urban areas. You'll see that I'm going to be talking a little bit more about mixed use aspects as well, which very much now we understand that the cost of structured parking is high. Integration also increases the cost as well, but also mixed use integration lends itself to other revenue generating opportunities. So parking and placemaking is really kind of supporting the growth of an area and the vitality of it. Architectural advancements. Certainly now and moving forward and even a few years in the past, this has been an area that has advanced considerably. And there's really been a heightened sense of sensitivity related to that. You'll see in all market sectors now are focusing on enhancing the facades and balancing the aesthetics with cost, because we know that as you start to increase facade aesthetics, you know, how does that relate to the budget? What does that mean to the bottom line and in a pro forma? But also there is certain contributory factors to the client and to the general neighborhood. The precast industry has really continued to respond and push the limits to provide solutions and facade solutions that may or may not be in application. But certainly precast, you can see many of the parking structures nowadays have a significant uptick in aesthetics and articulation and reveals and what have you. So that trend is obviously going to continue. Here's a few more examples on the screen. And you can see that the industry now, you know, when you talk about the aesthetics and the architecture of parking structures, you also have to think about not just the daytime, but what is it at night? So, you know, it's a cohesive design approach that you're seeing nowadays. Now you start going into mixed use applications. Integration of other, like I mentioned, revenue producing opportunities and amenity spaces. You know, in today's market, you're starting more and more now to see, you know, local jurisdictions, whether that be zoning, you know, any requirements and redevelopment plans and so forth, require that you have an element of mixed use. And normally what you see now is some incorporation to activate the street level, to have amenity space or occupied space, retail, et cetera, in the ground here, fronting streets, fronting major streets. Whereas years ago, that was not in the planning thinking. But now it certainly is. Even if now the ground here is required to be parking, but designing with the provisions for a future install of another space is definitely what clients are thinking about. These are more examples of, you know, mixed use applications. And the other piece that I wanted to mention related to this was right sizing, right sizing the parking need. When you have a parking structure now that is serving other uses, complementary uses, whether it's office, residential, retail, amenity space, one thing you want to do is you want to try to, you know, reduce the parking need as much as you can, share parking to the greatest extent possible. And, you know, again, as structured parking is fairly expensive to the extent that you're able to do that in a mixed use, you'll be able to afford the premiums, obviously, because there are of, you know, the integration complexities of integrating those uses with the precast parking structure. So, you know, related to that, that's one of the things that certainly the precast industry is on top of in looking at continuous innovative approaches for the integration of that. Here's a few other applications. A few, you know, folks may have seen these. Some are in Miami, some of them are local, one in Baltimore at the Fresh Market. Just another very kind of good examples of mixed use applications. What type of uses are integrated? It varies. And nowadays, it could be anything from wellness and health to not just residential, office, amenity space, theater. It's quite amazing what type of uses are being contemplated, either integrated, adjacent to, or, you know, within a parking structure. So, these are examples of integrated uses, typically inside, on top, or at the ground here. A few more examples. I do want to talk about one project that we had worked on. It was the Green Street mixed use development project in the city of Newark, New Jersey. This project is an approximate 500 space precast parking structure. What's unique about this project is that not only is it obviously parking vehicles, the vehicles are actually parked for, it's serving the city, employees and staff, it's serving event parking at the Prudential Center downtown. But one thing that the city and the Newark Parking Authority was looking for was to look at opportunities to move offices, integrate some municipal space within the garage. So, what this represents here is approximately 12 to 13,000 square foot of finance department within the ground here. On a typical level right above that is about the same square footage of Newark Parking Authority space. There's obviously, there's some aspect of connectivity that needs to be done to the adjacency, so you can see the pedestrian bridge. The other key piece to this, in the bottom right hand corner, is an opportunity for a liner building that is a municipal courts support system. And, you know, having attended, and which I thought was great last week, was the part one of this series. There was the mention of, you know, fire separation, noise, vibration and so forth. And, you know, utilizing precast, this worked out pretty well. The space that is actually above the finance department and serving as the floor of the Parking Authority space was done in such a way that it mitigated vibration and noise as well. This is a project in Atlanta Grand Park Gateway Garage. This particular project, it's about a thousand space garage, but you can see that it's rather unique. So, obviously, there's a continuation of the thinking of the aesthetic and what the building envelope will be or wants to be. This one serves the Atlanta Zoo as well, but what's unique about this, too, is that the opportunity, and I'll review a couple other installs and applications coming up, but the opportunity to use the real estate on the top level for amenity space, for a great experience for the user groups, depending on, you know, who may be using the structure. Blue One Water Park, this is a project that is somewhat unique. It's a 500-space parking structure, but it has a multitude of different uses within. You can see on the screen here, there's one area that is set and provides great views, world-class wedding space, you can see that the facade on this, the south facade here, is very much articulated. It's kind of a movable screen, bakery and studio, bar and lounge, office and conference center, kids theme park. So, you know, just the discussion continues about how a parking structure can continue to evolve in the future and be more than parking, you know, and especially, as I mentioned, when real estate may not be available to do anything other. Here's some of the space within. As you can see, it's a fairly upscale type of space and amenities for the various users. I want to talk briefly about overbuilds and the flexibility of overbuilds. We've done structures, and I know that many on this call have done parking structures where you've had precast and you've done an overbuild. Obviously, that is done in many cases where you might be in a dense urban area and you might not have much real estate to do any separation or much real estate to do any separation or segregation of the two users, which this right here, these, you know, installs like this are very common. You know, so you can originally do it, design and build for an overbuild to be done in a phase, phase one approach. There's also the opportunities to design the parking structure for an overbuild to be installed in the future when the market may dictate that. You know, obviously one of the challenges is, you know, when you design a structure for a future overbuild, you're not sure, quite sure what that market is, okay? So, but many times you see vertical integration with parking, office, residential, etc. This is another very common application here. Again, utilizing real estate on the top level. You know, you see this many times in environments where it's either residential or corporate, and it's really providing amenity, amenity space for employees, staff, residents, tenants, and the like. You know, the garages that you see right here on the screen, all are of precast construction, and precast has been very supportive and responsive to the need of this. Obviously, the, you know, the level that is supporting the green roof or amenity space obviously has to be articulated in detail very well. Durability design implemented for the long-term asset. But at the end of the day, parking at the top level is the levels at the top utilizing that real estate for either this purpose or which I'll review in a sustainability slide for solar arrays is certainly of benefit in many cases. Another application parking, you see this quite a bit in residential developments, transit oriented developments as well. There's wraps and liners. In certain cases like this, you have a precast parking structure that would potentially be serving a commuter base in a TOD environment but then also in a shared opportunity would be serving the tenants or the residents of the adjacent residence hall. So related to that, the liners and the wraps are something common that you see. You see either the liner or the wrap on two sides but then also you see on all four sides where you have parking in between. And you basically have the separation between the two, the parking component and the residential or other use with an expansion joint and fire separation as required. Precast applications below grade, this is another, obviously below grade parking applications are costly. They have their certain cases where you need to go below grade. You may have the topography issue on site. It may require a height issue where you need to go down. But that's something that needs to really be balanced well is the design of a parking structure going below grade with cost. Precast typically, it's been our experience and I would assume many on the line that precast parking garages obviously need to be separated from the adjacent, whether it's a cast-in-place wall or other type of earth retention system. So what you see on the right is a project where you have a parking structure that went down a couple levels. At this point you created an areaway for natural ventilation but what you do have is a separation between the adjacent retaining wall and the precast structure. So you're not putting any loads or any compression on precast. When you do go below grade, there's certain other enhancements that you should be thinking about or advising about. Lighting enhancements, durability design, ventilation aspects and the like. Because one of the things that I didn't mention in the mixed use application is all about the experience and whether it's an experience of a mixed use parking structure where you have to enhance passive and active security. You have to do the same thing in this scenario where below grade, you have to make sure that the users feel comfortable where they're parking. Expansion flexibility, this has obviously been a consideration for a number of years. Vertical expansion opportunities as well as horizontal expansion and where it lends itself horizontal obviously. If there's a need in the future, design it in such a way that horizontally of the same number of levels can be expanded to increase parking demand. Vertical applications are sometimes more challenging. Designing a parking structure for additional levels, you know, it's been our experience that many times, you know, obviously it's a cost premium to do so. It may be a challenge in terms of mobilization and logistics on the site, but also it's an operational consideration when you design vertically in terms of the safety of the users. Do you have to vacate the garage? How long is that going to be? So the one user group that we found over the years is higher education. Depending on the size is one that, you know, you can do that because during the summer months, you know, predominantly students are not there. Signage and branding and I'll go to the next one, lobby enhancements. The one thing I just wanted to mention here is as we're talking about building envelope and aesthetics and facade architecture, another trend is to certainly enhance those pedestrian nodes, stair elevator lobbies, other stair lobbies. So the transition architecturally of the experience from the facade coming into the garage is very important. And so what you see on the screen here, you see some examples of stair elevator lobbies that are not like they were years ago, maybe in the 90s, a little bit more enhanced. And whether that's floor, wall, ceiling finishes, accent lighting provided, one of the key considerations when doing this obviously is the well-coordination of MEP and FP conduits, piping. That's one of the things that you want to try to conceal as much as possible in close coordination with the precast manufacturers is obviously critical. And also I think the design professionals are starting to push this element a little bit more as well and requiring that, you know, the finishes of the precast be considered with this end result. Sustainability is ultimately, you know, something that is definitely on the, has been on the rise, continues to be pushed. You know, the research and development and sustainability continues, you know, with the advancement in concrete, related admixtures with concrete, how precasters are designing their structures, building the structures. It all relates to as well as terms of, you know, durability design. Owners, in particular, corporate and healthcare entities are looking at continuing to advance, you know, high level sustainability. And, you know, I certainly know that the precast industry in terms of the R&D and the innovation approach continues to do that as well. What you see on the screen here is some elements that probably everyone has seen. An increased number of EV charging stations, photovoltaic arrays, just to name a few. So where are we headed? You know, I think one of the things in our industry, there's two trigger points that are kind of dictating a little bit about where we're going where we're going in terms of our parking industry, the parking need. Obviously, the pandemic has, over the past couple years, changed the mindsets of owners, developers, and the like, in terms of how they construct, what they construct, how many spaces. And is there an opportunity to design for a potential repurpose? So those are a lot of the questions that we see or have seen, and I'm assuming precasters as well, other design professionals, the same. You know, with that, too, is the thinking which has been around in the discussions about autonomous vehicles and what does that contribute in terms of the parking demand. One thing I just wanted to mention here is, you know, as we've been contacted by many clients to take a look at the opportunities, this slide here just kind of represents, in a very high level conceptual format, the adaptive reuse and the potential repurposing, right? What flexibility do we have in our parking structures? What I've mentioned a lot so far was about the ground level. You can see there's just ballpark percentages of uptick in the premium in terms of the percentage of what would be to make provisions for accommodating that based on the initial construction cost. So the ground level obviously is something that is a very low-hanging fruit. You know, increasing the ground level and making the necessary design accommodations for a future install of an occupied space. The next level there is obviously is taking it to the top level, right? But what becomes very challenging is thinking about how a parking structure, whether built or to be designed, can be convertible, can be repurposed, whether it's on intermediate or typical levels or the entire parking garage. I think many of us here, you know, are definitely, you know, thinking about what does that mean to our industry and how can we help advise clients accordingly, right? We know that the intermediate and the entire garage is very costly to do a repurpose, have parking now for another use in the future, costly. And I think just from a coordination and a complexity standpoint, coordinating with design professional and the precaster, it's very challenging to design something, you know, to be repurposed. But I will say that type of thinking will continue and I believe that the market and clients and owners will continue to push the envelope to make sure that we as not just design professionals, you know, precast manufacturers, engineers, and architects really think long and hard about, you know, these type of instances and applications. Obviously, you know, when you think about some of those things, this is a slide that just represents some of the things, utilities, floors, what's the facades like, what do you do with the ramps, vertical transportation. So, you know, this is obviously a topic in our industry. You know, one of the things that we've seen now is the opportunity to design a structure, okay, that potentially, and you probably already know this, potentially has an expansion joint in it. If you need to have a certain number of spaces now, but you're not quite sure in the future, you're not sure where in the future there may be a tick down in the parking need, or on a development site, another opportunity for a revenue generating component or building pad. You know, in some cases, which we've done once, is design a parking structure so that it has an expansion joint in there. Parking garages, functional day one. If you remove or demolish a portion of it, you still have a functional operational parking structure, but you have another opportunity for a building site or pad. So that's something else to think about. The other piece is just, you know, we talked about the mixed use of different occupancies. Now there's the thinking about parking as mobility hubs, autonomous vehicles, bike, rideshare, EVs. You know, this certain one right here is an application that is in a transit environment. So you have commuters, you have rideshare, you have buses coming in. So thinking of that as mobility hubs, transportation centers, as well, is something that the industry is exploring. And, you know, some on the call may be members of the International Parking and Mobility Institute, and you know the word and the buzzword mobility. What does that mean? How is that defined? But mobility hubs is certainly something that is contemplated more in the future. Parking technology advancements. Years ago when I got in the business, there wasn't much advancement or technology, but, you know, the parking guidance systems, the pay-by-phone, you know, aspects of having not just the parking technology, but the informational technology available for the user groups that is installed in lobby areas. That is certainly in a mixed use environment where there's a number of different users, but then also the folks that are parking are going to different destinations. The technology, the screens, not just the static, but also the dynamic signage is something that is on the rise. This is something, Vertical Harvest Greenhouse, this has a couple installs. I'm not sure exactly how many, but, you know, I've seen this being pushed a little bit more and probably others as well. It is an opportunity, but I guess it depends, you know, quite a bit on the region and the geography. But if you look at a parking structure, there is an opportunity to do that. Obviously, you know, what you need to make sure of is from a code perspective, openness perspective, how does it impact that? But I found this interesting as well. And I guess, lastly, related to the future of parking and in closing this first portion of the presentation, the parking industry is continuing to evolve. And I would just basically say that, you know, we as professionals keep an open mind to where parking may go and understand that we need to continue to advance the R&D related to what a parking structure may be, how it can be housed, what can be integrated into it, because that's going to be the future. And I found this, I found this, others on this call probably have seen this as well. This image just kind of resonates of, you know, what is going to be in the future, especially with challenges in terms of real estate. So, with that, I appreciate your time to discuss this right now. And what I'd like to do is turn it over to Kevin Kerrigan. Thanks, Todd. Again, this is Kevin Kerrigan with THA. I'm a Vice President and Principal here. Just to give you a little background, I graduated from Penn State with a Bachelor's and Master's of Architectural Engineering, both with a structural emphasis. And I first started my career designing steel buildings for pharmaceutical use for roughly two years. I've been with THA for over 20 years now, designing mixed use precast buildings. So, I'll start off my conversation talking about design considerations for mixed use precast buildings. And I'll jump into the level of complexity of these buildings. So, the first is a standalone open parking garage or a standalone garage that has a single use, which is parking, but it can have accessory occupancies or incidental uses. Examples of these are utility rooms, electrical rooms, and so forth. The next level of complexity is a non-parking use integrated at the ground tier. And these slides here are similar to the slides that Todd was talking about for the cost increase. As you increase the level of complexity, it increases the level of cost. You could integrate restaurants, banks, retail, so forth, at the ground floor. And the next level is when you're integrating a different use at the mid-level of the garage or at the top level of the garage. Todd talked about green roofs. The upper right-hand snapshot is a building section through a garage that we did for a pharmaceutical client. And there was a gym space that was integrated at the third level of the garage. And there were originally concerns about vibrations working their way through the garage and into the gym space, especially where they were doing yoga and needed to have quiet space and didn't want to be interrupted by vibrations. So, here we actually introduced an additional column grid line at 8.2, if you can see. They separated the two uses and prevented vibrations from coming through. And then the next level is when you have a podium-type structure and you have a different use above. This could be a residential office and so forth. So, I'd like to jump into building codes and standards. In the U.S., we have a U.S. model building code, the International Building Code. And the states adopt this with local modifications as necessary. And throughout this presentation, I'll be making references to IBC 2021. And I provided a link to IBC 2021 there. And IBC has certain standards that it references. So, a standard is something that helps you meet the requirements of the building codes. So, for example, there's ASCE 7, which is the minimum design loads for buildings. There's ACI 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. PCI 124, Specifications for Fire Resistance of Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete. And there are many other standards. The next level, which is even in more detail, are manuals, I'll call them. So, PCI has certain manuals for designing precast concrete. And the PCI MNL 120 is basically the precast bible that we use for the design of our precast parking structures and mixed-use buildings. PCI does also have a standard for parking structures as well, PCI MNL 129. One key point, you always want to research what the current version of the building code will be when you're submitting for permit. Basically, the building code, IBC, is typically issued on a three-year cycle. So, certain states are actually starting to adopt IBC 2021. New Jersey has recently adopted it, and there's a current six-month grace period that started sometime in September of this year. So, during that six-month grace period, the designer and owner have the option to design based on the previous code or to use the new code. In New Jersey, at least, if you do use the previous code, you have to have a complete permit submission in before the end of that grace period. So, that's just something critical to look into in the beginning of the design project. Now, I'll be getting into occupancy and use classifications. Occupancy classification is basically the primary use for the building. And then, occupancies are further broken down into use designations. Buildings are classified based on hazards and risks to occupants and adjacent properties. And a mixed-use building basically has more than one occupancy group classification. And occupancy and uses basically set the parameters for construction. So, they're going to set the allowable area, building height, type of construction, occupant safety requirements, means of egress, fire protection, and so forth. And it actually gets into finishes as well, if they can be combustible or non-combustible. So, the building code breaks occupancies down into 10 different categories as listed here. All the way from assembly, business, to storage, which is basically a parking structure. The use designation is basically a subordinate category of the occupancy. So, for example, an assembly occupancy can be broken down into theaters, restaurants, bars, museums. Business occupancy can be broken down to office, banks, and so forth. Mercantile, retail, wholesale, and department stores. And then storage occupancy are basically parking structures. And there are two categories there. There's motor vehicle-related repair garages, which are S1 group, which is a higher hazard than standard parking garages, which are typically classified as a public parking garage with a subcategory of either open or enclosed. And they're typically low hazard storage group S2. Getting into construction types, the building code classifies the construction into five different types. And it's determined based on occupancy classification, the size of the building, if the building is sprinklered or not sprinklered, and if you have frontage to public way or open space. These are the five different types of construction, all the way from type one, which uses non-combustible material and has the highest level of fire resistance rating, all the way down to type five, which is typically a residential home construction using light wood frame and has the least level of fire resistance. One point to make, precast concrete typically can meet the fire resistance rating of type one, which is the most restrictive fire resistance rating. These are some charts I created just to show as you construct using non-combustible construction, which is type one and type two construction, the allowable building height increases. This is a table 504.3 of IBC, and as you can see, the occupancy classification is on the left-hand side, then the next column is either non-sprinklered or sprinklered, and then to the right, it's the type of construction, type one through type five. So I graphed here a type B occupancy that's sprinklered, and this graph just shows the available building height based on that. And then the same very similar concept with the number of allowable stories in a building. You can see how the allowable stories increases as you get to non-combustible construction. And the same thing with allowable area. Now I'd like to get into fire resistance rating of building elements. The building code, based on the type of construction, the building code requires that certain elements be rated for different hourly ratings, and table 601 describes this, and I'll be talking about that in a couple slides. And then there's table 705.5, which talks about the hourly rating of exterior walls based on the fire separation distance to either a property line, imaginary property line, or public right of way. Precast members can be performance designed to achieve a one all the way up to a four-hour rating. And one thing I'd like to point out, these are some photos of a fire that occurred recently in 2022, and we did a post-fire assessment. And basically the vehicles, there were two vehicles involved, they totally burnt basically until all the combustible materials were extinguished. And the precast did fine. Basically there were some cracks in the double T stem right above where the main fire was, there were some light spalls, and they'll basically be corrected by minor concrete repairs. But the pre-stressing strands were fine, and the majority of the precast structure was fine. One issue was that the bearing pad did melt right above the fire. But there wasn't a collapse because that didn't affect the stability of the structure. One thing, let's say the haunches along this wall in the lower right-hand picture were steel construction, and they didn't have the hourly rating of the floor system, the double T's, then there could potentially be a collapse during that fire. So it's very important to make sure that any elements that are supporting, say a floor system, have the same hourly rating. The building code categorizes building elements into two different categories. There's the primary structural frame, which is basically the columns and anything that attaches to the columns. And then any other elements that are providing stabilization of that primary structural frame due to gravity loads. And then there are the secondary structural members or the infill members. So now this is table 6-1 that talks about the fire resistance rating of the various building elements. You can see on the left-hand side, we have primary structural frame all the way down to secondary structural members at the bottom. And the type of construction is along the upper row. It goes from type 1, type 2, non-combustible construction, all the way to type 5 on the right, which is combustible. And you can see that the hourly rating increases as you get to type 1 construction. So type 1 is typically used for, like type 1a is typically used for high-rise construction to allow firefighters to have a longer period of time to fight a fire, since a high-rise does have increased hazard and risk. And this is table 705.5, which is basically a fire rating of exterior walls based on the separation distance. So let's say if we go back to table 6-1, let's say we have an open parking structure that's classified as type 2b, and all of our structural members have a zero hourly rating. But let's say the same building is within five feet of the property line on one side. So our openings on that side are going to be limited based on certain portions of the building code, but then also any of those elements along that face, that side, need to have a rating. Chapter 4 of the building code talks about special detailed requirements based on use and occupancy. So there are various items listed in this chapter, but some key items are high-rise buildings and then motor vehicle-related occupancies. And then that's broken down further into public parking garages, and public parking garages are either classified as open or enclosed, and then it gets into sections that give detailed requirements about both of those uses. So getting into an open parking garage. The building code understands that there is a lower risk associated with an open parking garage. So basically it identifies the allowable type of construction, type 1, 2, or 4 construction. It requires perimeter openings for natural ventilation. Mixed uses are allowed in the same building as an open parking garage. However, the height and area needs to be defined by Chapter 5, not Chapter 4. If you do have a single-use open parking garage, then you can basically have a larger open parking structure and use the table 604.5.4 to determine that height and area. Enclosure of vertical openings are not required. So you'll notice in a lot of open parking structures, the stairs aren't enclosed, and that's because there's less hazard, less risk, so they can remain open. And mechanical ventilation is not required. There are other various exceptions in Chapter 7 regarding fire and smoke protection features. And one major item to point out in IBC 2021, automatic sprinkler systems are required for open parking structures that are greater than 48,000 square feet of fire area. So that's something to think about. If there was a garage that was designed that had provisions for, say, vertical expansion, and it didn't have an automatic sprinkler system, it may be more difficult and more costly to expand that garage now because of that new requirement. And then we get into enclosed parking garages. In enclosed parking garages, there's no limit of construction type. They can be construction type 1 all the way through 5. However, most of the time, we're designing them to type 1 or 2 construction. The height and area are determined per Chapter 5 of the Building Code. Mechanical ventilation is required in an enclosed garage. So these photos down below here are of an enclosed parking garage that was basically dug into a hill on one side, and then it was up against train tracks on the other side. So this caused it to be enclosed and needed mechanical ventilation. The red arrows represent where there are shafts that go all the way down to the lowest level of the garage where there are exhaust fans. And then all the blue arrows are showing where air is sucked in through the building and then gets drawn all the way across the garage and then exhausted out where the red arrows are. And sprinklers are required in enclosed parking garages. Getting into a single-use parking garage. This is where the main use is parking, but then there can be accessory occupancies. And these are basically occupancies that support the main occupancy. Typically, they're not required to be separated from the main occupancy and they can't be more than 10% of a story floor area. And some examples are utility rooms, building service rooms, parking garage storage, and so forth. Now, incidental use also supports the main occupancy, but it poses a greater level of risk. So this, therefore, it needs to either be sprinklered or separated from the main occupancy. And examples of this are electrical rooms and maybe an electrical substation room or something like that. Mixed-use garages, basically, where you have a separate use within the parking garage. As I mentioned previously, the building size is now determined per Chapter 5. So basically, there are two options for a mixed-use building. You can either have non-separated occupancies or you can separate them. If you're non-separating occupancies, then basically it's more restrictive and you basically end up with a smaller building. If you have separated occupancies, it's less restrictive and you can have a larger building. So if you are separating occupancies, you would go to Table 508.4 of the Building Code to determine the fire separation requirement between those uses or occupancies. And some types of fire separation requirements and some types of fire separations or fire barriers or horizontal assemblies. And we use precast elements all the time to serve this purpose. And then in Section 510 of IBC, there are special provisions that basically permit modifications to the allowable building height and area based on the specific mixed-use type building. So for example, you can have an S2 enclosed parking garage with an open parking garage above. This is very typical when you maybe have half a level below grade or one level below grade and you just can't get openness in that lowest level or where there's maybe occupied space on a large portion of the lowest level and you cannot achieve openness. So that section provides special provisions for that mixed-use condition. And as you can see there, you have various other conditions. Let's get into the type of ladder-resistant systems for precast structures. So precast shear walls are the most common that we use in parking garages and mixed-use buildings. There are also precast moment frames. There are precast cantilever columns for a short building. And the chart on the right-hand side is Table 12.2-1 of ASCE 7. And this talks about structural system limitations or the structural system height limitations based on the lateral force resistance system as well as the seismic design category. So if you're in an area that has very poor soil conditions and very high seismic loads, your building is basically you aren't allowed to have a very tall precast lateral force resistance system. So it's always important to go to this table in the beginning of a design project and determine if it's permitted or not permitted to use a certain type of system. Floor diaphragms are also a portion of the lateral resistance system and this consists of cords and collector elements. And then at the very last bullet point there, typically I know on Part 1 of this series, there was a discussion about the use of precast cores or cast-in-place concrete cores for, say, a high-rise mixed-use building that has parking below and maybe office building above. And the determining factor of this, it could be this chart in ASC 716, but it could also be cost requirements or it could be local precaster capabilities and standard practices. So it's always important not to just look at this table in the beginning of a design project, but reach out to the local precasters in your market and ask those questions. Say, hey, I have a 15, 20-story mixed-use precast building. What do you recommend for the setting? What do you recommend for the central core lateral force resistance system? Now I'll get into some design tips. PCI has a wonderful list of references and various directories and so forth. And this is actually, these links here provide information for PCI plant certification requirements, and it also provides a directory for all the precast plants that meet those certification requirements. So let's say we're doing a project in central New Jersey and it's a project with structural precast concrete, architectural precast concrete. We could go in and search for all the precasters within, say, a 100-mile radius that meet those PCI plant certification requirements. The next thing we always do in the beginning of a project is reach out to the local precasters and ask them what their current lead time is. So earlier this year, in 2022, I reached out to a few precasters in the PA New Jersey market and came to the conclusion that the lead time was 10 to 14 months. And in that case, for this certain project, we determined that early precast package was necessary to construct the project as fast as possible. So this was roughly a 1,232-space precast parking garage project. And you can see there was an early precast bid package that was released in October of this year and we're just getting ready to award it. So the good thing about this is the precaster will be on board as we're finishing up our construction documents. So they'll be able to give us some value engineering design tips and help reduce the overall cost of the superstructure. But then they're also prepared to start their engineering design and make sure that they can minimize the impacts of that longer precast lead time. Getting into more design tips. In the beginning of a design project, you always want to clearly define the design parameters. So this is usually done in the schematic design phase of a project. So we're defining all the various structural loads. One key point is, let's say we have a building that's designed for horizontal or vertical expansion. We always need to define the loads for the phase 1 condition as well as the phase 2. Because depending on the certain structural elements, the phase 1 loads could control over phase 2. And we go through and define all the various codes that ASCE 7 requires as well as some of the non-standard loads are probably snow removal operation loads always needs to be thought about on the top tier of a garage as well as maybe fire truck. Let's say you have a building adjacent to another building that requires fire truck access. So that's something you would need to work through and provide actual loading diagrams on the structural general note sheet. And then we go through and we define limits on member size, headroom requirements, serviceability limits, building drift limits. And all these items are either worked into the general note sheet or the precast specification and so forth. One thing that we always pay attention to when we're designing precast garages which are exposed to exterior temperatures is our restraints and thermal movement. So we want to try to minimize the restraints as much as possible. If we can't minimize them then you basically need more expansion joints throughout your structure. And always define the fire resistance rating early on in the project. And then we get into defining durability design parameters. ACI 362.1, the guide for the design and construction of durable concrete parking structures is basically the reference that we use for all of our projects. And this defines durability zones throughout the United States. And in the upper right hand corner you can see there's zone 1 which is in the south and zone 2 and then zone 3 which is in the north. And there's also the coastal chloride zone where salt spray can come off the ocean and have a negative impact to structures as well. So the chart on the bottom there are various charts in this ACI 362 but I just picked one for precast pre-stressed concrete. And you can see if you're in zone 3 so say in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and further north you're going to be in zone 3 requires 6,000 PSI concrete certain water cement ratio, certain concrete cover all the connections are going to need to be stainless steel and so forth. And then there are recommendations for waterproofing as well sealers and typically recommendations for corrosion inhibiting admixtures. One other thing to think about are stress limits for the precast concrete so ACI 318 in chapter 24 defines various stress limits and there are three classes class U which is uncracked, class T which is transition, and then class C which is cracked. And if you have certain elements in the garage that are more prone to deterioration you may want to specify that class U is required for those elements. And we also usually in the schematic design phase when we're working through the architectural design of a project we'll start thinking about the color and the finish of the precast concrete and we typically go to PCI color and texture selection guide and there's a link right here and this is great you can go through, you can find black concrete, you can find buffed white, anything you can think of and the various finishes as well are the various textures like sandblasting, acid etch and so forth. So the next step we typically do is we say okay what architectural elements that require that color and finish will have high loads and may have a very high concrete strength. So we determine those elements and then we reach out to a local precaster to get samples and say hey we'd like a buff concrete that has a 7000 PSI mix, can you provide some samples? And then when we're using these samples to either match existing conditions as seen in the lower left hand corner or getting ownership concurrence and maybe going to various regulatory approval meetings like a historic architectural review board meeting. Another major tip is to basically coordinate MEP and fire protection systems early in design. During the schematic design phase all the code analysis needs to be worked out so you know the type of construction, the fire rating and so forth for your building. But then you have to know what type of MEP systems will be in the building and how they need to be coordinated with the superstructure, the precast concrete. So some of these pictures down below, lower left, that shows the lighting and the sprinkler system. You always need to coordinate those two and you need to think about the double T joint. So in the bay where the light fixture is the light fixture is actually on the high side of the double T joint. This is a ramp where I took the picture. So if that double T joint does start leaking in the future you want the water to run down the ramp and away from the fixture rather than towards the fixture. And typically you can't have a light fixture right next to a sprinkler head so that's always a coordination item that needs to be done during the design process. And then thinking about how you're getting say the sprinkler supply piping and so forth into the building and integrate it with the precast superstructure. And then working through penetrations in the precast, locations of DAPTs. So the picture in the lower left-hand corner, we call that a DAP in the end of the T, where there's basically a space that allows to run sprinkler piping or various other type of piping or conduit. Also want to think about where MEP shafts and chases are needed. So this plan in the upper right is a mixed-use building that I'll discuss in further detail later in the presentation. But the central core for the residential use above is on the left-hand side at mid-height of the building. And we integrated a vertical shaft in that core for all the MEP supplies for the residential above. Also, if there's ever non-standard loading to precast elements, that needs to be figured out early on in the design phase. And it's always best to also reach out to a precaster and say, hey, we have this certain loading condition. It's an exterior precast element. We want that element to match the adjacent precast concrete. And what are your thoughts about the weight, if you need a second crane to erect this piece, so forth. So this was an example where we had residential above, there was a steel transfer truss system that's shown in green there. And then those loads from the transfer truss came through the facade of the precast garage portion, which you can see in the red line on the left-hand side, and then hit that aqua beam, which is a precast transfer girder, and needed to be transferred to the adjacent columns. So getting into podium-type garages, so basically a parking structure with a different use of above. Some things to consider, you may need a different set of vertical transportation cores for those elements. You always want to verify the extent of MEP and fire protection penetrations and shafts needed. You need to coordinate the structural grid. That's always, takes a lot of time and coordination when, if someone is designing, let's say an office space above or residential space above, you need to integrate the column grid from those uses to the garage below. And there are always options, either a transfer level where you're transferring the load around and not impacting the parking layout below, or you would bring columns straight through and potentially impact the parking layout and reduce the number of spaces. And then you always want to consider the pros and cons of using a single type of superstructure system rather than a hybrid system. Because on this previous slide where we did use a hybrid system where it was precast below and then it transferred to steel above, there was definitely major coordination during the design phase as well as during construction phase. And then getting into specifications, I recommend going to PCI's website and look at some of their guide specifications. They have guide specifications for architectural precast concrete, structural precast concrete, and I believe a few other various specifications. And some key elements to integrate are the fabricator and erector qualifications. Make sure you identify the PCI certification requirements. Define the precast performance design parameters and exactly what you're expecting the precast contractor to do. Define the precast facade finishes. So, using that color and selection guide that I referenced earlier, and maybe samples that you receive from the precast, a local precast contractor, integrate that into the specification. And then fabrication and erection tolerances are always critical. And you have to always make sure that the cast in place specification references the precast spec and reference the tolerances that's required for precast concrete. Now, I want to talk about various types of precast framing systems for different types of uses. So, this was a built-in precast systems for different types of uses. So, this was a building, a mixed-use garage with office space above. This actually used cast-in-place concrete cores for the lateral load resistance system. So, that's shown in the second picture from the right. And that may have been due to the seismic design requirements and the limitations set in ASCE 7, or it could have been due to the local precast fabricators' recommendations and standard practices. But the neat thing here is a double-T floor system was used for both the parking and the office space above. And then this is an example of a mixed-use precast garage with a residential above. A double-T floor system was used for the parking, and then hollow core floor system was used for the residential. This is a project in New Brunswick, New Jersey. This was basically had a steel transfer system, steel truss transfer system, similar to the other project I was referring to. It used precast construction for the garage, double-Ts for the garage portion, and then the steel transfer trusses converted into a steel frame construction for the residential above. One thing for this project, it took a lot of back-and-forth iterative design process between the precaster, the design team, and the key contractors. So, in this case, it wasn't just the precaster that was determining all the various structural requirements for the entire superstructure. It was the steel fabricator and the steel erector getting involved and having to coordinate with the precaster since the steel building was sitting on top of the precast. Now, getting into the Queen Street Station Phase 2 project in Lancaster, PA, this was a mixed-use project that the THA worked on, basically a podium-style garage with residential above. We had commercial space on the lowest level and as well as the second level, and there was a basement for the commercial space as well. There were bus berths integrated into the garage. So, that quickly told us that we could not classify this as an open parking structure because buses are not a permitted use within an open parking structure. So, that quickly made us realize we needed sprinklers in the garage and mechanical ventilation within the bus area. The seven-story precast garage, we used long-span double-T construction for the garage portion. The western portion of the footprint was designed for nine stories, a steel frame with hollow core residential tower, and that was the girder slab system we were using. So, that was castellated steel beams that you lay hollow core plank onto the lower flange of the steel beam and then create composite action between the systems. And then the east structure here was designed for three levels of steel frame construction. It was also designed for a green roof. So, I'll get into the precast plans here and the layout. So, this is the ground-tier architectural plan and you can see there's a lot of various items packed into this ground-tier plan. All the way on the right-hand side, that's the bus burst where we included two buses. And then we get to the entry-exit lane of the garage which is in between Bay 7 and 8. There was electric room, generator room, there was a fire command center integrated since this was a high-rise building. The residential core is on the left-hand side of the plan right at mid-height, so along B-line and between 1-line and 1.8-line. The main stair-over tower for the garage is on the upper portion of the footprint between 3 and 4-line. And then there was another stair at the lower right-hand portion. And the lower left-hand portion of this footprint is leased space. So, this had a basement, it had leased space at the ground-tier and then leased space at the second tier which actually changed in footprint and I'll show that in a few slides. So, this was the ground-tier precast framing plan. This was a snapshot from the precast shop drawings. And you can see in the leased space in the lower left-hand corner, there were precast beams used as well as precast hollow core plank. And then in the center of the plan there, you see where the ramps are starting to transition from slab-on-grade to precast double-Ts. And this is the second floor and the leased space basically or the commercial space extended between 1 and 3-line all the way from A-line to C-line. So, it basically wrapped around the residential core. And on the lower left-hand corner, we continued to use precast beam construction and hollow core floor slab system. But then as we got to the upper left-hand corner, we transitioned to precast double-Ts for the commercial space. And then we used precast double-Ts through the parking garage and then we get to the transfer tier. And on the eastern portion from 4-line to 9-line, this is where it was designed for either a green roof or three additional levels of residential or commercial space. And we designed these Ts as truncated double-Ts. So, we took a 12-foot wide double-T and we cut the flanges off to basically make them more robust, more stronger. And we added, I think it was a 4-inch cast-in-place topping. So, this helped with vibration, noise, because we added mass to the structure, but it also increased the load-bearing capacity of these members. And on the footprint to the west between 1 and 4-line, this is where it was designed for nine levels of residential housing. So, we had the grid layout from the residential above and those columns were greatly impacting the garage down below, basically blocking drive lanes and not allowing the vehicles to move through the garage. So, we knew we needed a transfer system, so we ended up using steel trusses that were, I think, eight and a half to nine and a half feet tall. And then hollow core planks spanning between these trusses and then steel columns extended vertically off of those steel trusses. And you can see in the photo down below, the precast column on the left-hand side there was a very, very high concrete strength. You can see how gray it is. And that wasn't exposed to the exterior, so we were able to use that very high concrete strength without affecting the exterior look. But that's something to think about as you're working through plans, where very heavily loaded columns are, the strength that's going to be needed, the size of those columns. In this garage, we need to integrate additional columns along D-line, the center of the garage, in order to post off of those and with the steel frame construction. Now, I'll get into the benefits of a total precast mixed-use building. As I mentioned earlier, if you have a structural system that is, say, precast with steel above, there's a significant amount of coordination required between those trades, and it's typically easier just to go with a total precast mixed-use building. However, precast does have certain limitations, so, you know, other types of structural systems could be better for certain conditions. So, it's always, you always need to do a structural system comparison study in the beginning of a project to figure out what system meets all the design requirements and also cost-effective. As I mentioned earlier, it's always good to engage the precaster during the design phase through either early precast bid package or a design assist contract, and they can provide value engineering feedback to help reduce the overall cost of the superstructure. It expedites delivery schedule, and it reduces construction changes, both cost and schedule change. And precast is a great type of structural system that meets all the durability and serviceability design requirements for an open parking or a garage that's exposed to the elements. And precast can provide various architectural precast finishes, as can be seen in the photos on the right-hand side. As I mentioned earlier, precast concrete has inherent fire resistance properties, and you can achieve ratings from one to four hours. Precast is produced off-site at a PCI-certified production facility, so this helps improve quality control. Pre-stressing structural components minimize cracking and long-term durability concerns. Precast also diminishes vibration and noise transmission due to the mass of the precast, as well as the type of connections that are used between precast elements. And precast can reduce construction schedule, since you can erect a precast building during the middle of the winter. There would be certain cold weather conditions for say grouting of connections, but typically we see precast buildings erected right through snowy, wintry months. And you can erect a precast building in a limited footprint, so typically the crane is brought into the site, it's sitting within the footprint, and they start erecting in quadrants, erect full height of the building, and then back the crane out a little bit, and eventually the crane needs to sit on the street or outside of the building footprint, but that's for typically for a limited amount of time. And the initial cost is competitive with and often lower than other equivalent structural systems. Now I'd like to talk about maintenance needs of parking structures in general. So I'll be talking about why do we need to maintain parking structures, a snapshot of a maintenance program, and rule of thumb annual maintenance costs. So why do we maintain parking structures? This is just like your vehicle or any other asset you may own. You want to protect your initial investment, maintain its expected service life. So every asset has an expected service life when it's put into service. If you don't perform maintenance, you're not going to achieve that expected service life. You want to minimize long-term maintenance costs, minimize operational impacts. So let's say a parking garage is neglected over a 10-15 year period, and then all of a sudden that garage needs to be taken totally out of service to perform a major restoration project. That'll be a major operational impact. You want to provide a pleasant experience for the users and you want to return customers. But most of all, we want to protect the health, wellness, and the safety of the users. That's basically the most important item. So this is an example of a parking structure collapse. It was a 30-year-old structure and it likely occurred because there was a lack of a statewide mandate for parking garage inspections. So a lot of states are implementing or a lot of municipalities are starting to implement requirements for parking garage inspections on a regular basis. So getting into a maintenance program. PCI has a maintenance manual that I definitely recommend you download and review. But maintenance programs are basically categorized into three different items. First, you have routine maintenance, which is general housekeeping that's done on a regular basis. But then you also have localized maintenance of, say, your waterproofing systems. So let's just think of your car. Let's say the seal in your car door fails and you have water leaking onto the rest of the door and you know it's going to affect your electrical system within your car. You're going to quickly take your car and get it repaired and get that seal fixed so it doesn't lead to a major electrical problem. And that's the same, it's basically routine maintenance. If there's a leaking joint within a garage, it should be addressed in a timely manner so it doesn't lead to a major structural issue. And then also regular inspections by the owner and operator. Basically walk-through inspections to look at the various elements of the garage and make sure they're working properly. If they do say, let's say they see a spall at the ceiling of the garage, they should call someone in an engineer in to look at it and assess and determine if immediate restoration or action is needed. And then there's preventive maintenance. So this is similar to replacing your oil in your car every 3,000 or 6,000 miles like I do. But this basically protects your capital investment, prevents major repairs, and includes an annual engineering observation and if deemed necessary condition appraisal. So we work with a lot of clients where we just walk through a garage quickly on an annual basis. And just to keep an eye on it, make sure there are no dangerous conditions that occur throughout the year and as seasons change and things are moving. And if we do see serious conditions, then we'll recommend a condition appraisal or sometimes immediate emergency restoration work. And preventive maintenance includes localized structural repairs and then it includes global replacement of various waterproofing systems. And then there's replacement maintenance. So replacement, there are various systems within garages and as we get into mixed-use garages, there are even more systems. So drainage, lighting, mechanical ventilation, fire protection, security, signage, elevators, are a handful of those systems. And most of those systems have less of a service life than the main superstructure itself. You could design a precast garage for either a 60-year service life or an 80- year service life depending on the durability design measures they implement from day one, as well as how proactive the owner operator is in maintaining that garage throughout the service life. So most of these systems may last for say 10, 15, 20 years and will eventually need to be replaced through replacement maintenance. Now getting into the cost of maintenance, this is basically the approximate annual maintenance cost for routine preventive and replacement maintenance. And this came from the National Parking Association's maintenance manual. And they basically report it as cost per space, but I always like to convert that to cost per square foot because you may have an inefficient garage that's a mixed-use garage that maybe has 400 square feet per space compared to a very efficient standalone garage that could have an efficiency of 315 to 325 square feet per space. So I always like using the gross floor area of the building and the cost per square foot rather than cost per space. But you can see, for example, preventive maintenance ranges from 22 cents a square foot to 33 cents a square foot per year. So if you take the total area of the garage and you multiply it by these factors and there's a certain rhyme and reason why you would use the lower end of these compared to the upper end, you can come up with the annual maintenance reserve that owners should be putting away so they have that money in the bank when certain conditions do arise and they need to, say, perform preventive maintenance or replacement maintenance. And I'd like to thank everyone for hanging in there with me and I'd like to open it up for questions. Thank you, but unfortunately we do not have enough time for questions today. All questions will be forwarded to the presenters along with their contact information. The PCI Regional Chapters can help connect you to a producer that can deliver all precast data center structures. Please reference the PCI Regional Chapters map to contact your regional director. On behalf of PCI, I'd like to thank Todd and Kevin for a great presentation. As a reminder, certificates of continuing education will appear in your account at www.rcep.net within 10 business days. Also, a pop-up survey will appear after the webinar ends. If you have any further questions about today's webinar, please email marketing at pci.org. Thank you again, have a great day, and please stay safe.

Precast Concrete Systems

Mixed-Use Parking Applications

Royce Covington

PCI

Todd Helmer

THA Consulting Incorporated

Parking Structures

Integration of Other Uses

Market Trends

Repurposing

Design Considerations

Building Codes

Construction Types