Good afternoon. Welcome to PCI's webinar series. Today's presentation is Unlocking Cement Efficiency and Carbon Removal in Precast Pre-stress Production. This webinar is sponsored by CarbonCure. My name is Royce Covington, Manager of Member Services at PCI, and I'll be your moderator for this session. Before I turn the controls over to our presenters today, I have a few introductory items to note. Earlier today, we sent an email to all registered attendees that included a handout of today's presentation. That handout for this webinar can also be found in the handout section of your webinar pane. If you cannot download the handout, please email PCI Marketing at marketing at pci.org as shown on your screen. Note that all attendee lines are muted. The GoToWebinar toolbox has an area for you to raise your hand. If you raise your hand, you will receive a private chat message from me. If you have a question, please type it into the questions pane where I'll be keeping track of them to read to the presenters during the Q&A period. Also, a pop-up survey will appear after the webinar ends. Today's presentation will be recorded and uploaded to the PCI eLearning Center. Questions related to specific products or publications will be addressed at the end of the presentation. PCI is a registered provider of AIA CES, but today's presentation does not contain content that has been that has been endorsed by AIA. Today's presentation is non-CEU. Our presenters for today are Sean Monkman, Senior Vice President of Technology Development at CarbonCure Technologies, and Pete Calura, Marketing Development, Market Development Manager at CarbonCure Technologies. I'll now turn the controls over so that we can begin our presentation. Yep. Hey, Sean. Hello, everybody. Thanks for joining us today. My name is Pete Calura, Market Development Manager at CarbonCure, and just want to run through the agenda real quick, and then we'll get started with Sean's presentation. So first, we will talk about the comparison of concrete to other building materials in terms of sustainability. Also, the circular CO2 utilization in concrete production, and then CO2 utilization in precast concrete production specifically. And then what some of you might find most important is the financial and competitive advantages of producing sustainable precast or pre-stressed Okay. Thank you. So I'll start this presentation by talking about concrete as a material. It is the most abundant building material in the world, and I'll put that into more quantitative context in a moment. And what that means actually is when we're talking about sustainability, that there is a large CO2 emission associated with the concrete that provides such benefit to society. And because of the magnitude of the amount of concrete we use, this is actually a large segment of where CO2 comes from. So it ends up being one of the largest individual industry emitters for CO2 emissions. And the numbers kind of vary, but typically they come in around 7% of all the CO2 emitted by humans. They call these anthropogenic CO2 emissions, is associated with the production of cement. And we know cement is about 90% of the CO2 footprint of concrete. So it's a concern across the value chain, this environmental impact. But again, let's talk about the scale of concrete. So I like to refer to this particular set of data. It's coming from a materials scientist named Michael Ashby. He produces materials science textbooks over the years, and he's updated this a few times. In his latest edition, he's got a data sequence that he's entitled 27 Materials on Which Industrialized Society Depends. So we can see he's got some fuels here, coal and oil are used to drive society. Then we have metals, steel being the most abundant, and then the various alloys. Then we have plastics, polyethylene being the most widely used. Then we get into what can broadly be called ceramics. This is where we find concrete. Next in line would be cement, an ingredient of concrete, bricks, glass, asphalt, and then some other materials headed up by timber. The thing about his presentation here is that the vertical axis there on the global output in tons per year is in a log scale. So it can be difficult to understand the differences as you look from material to material. So if we take his data and take it off a log scale, we get something like this. So we can see how much concrete is produced around the world. It's around 25 gigatons every year. This is close to three metric tons per person on earth every year. Then the next largest, most abundantly used materials are oil and coal, but they're only 20 percent as much as the concrete. Once we get past cement, which is a component of concrete, we get to our next building material, which is brick. So if we look at just the building materials in terms of what we're creating the built environment out of, we have these are the main materials, concrete, brick, timber, steel, and glass. When we talk about the environmental impact of concrete and they say, oh, concrete emits seven percent of all CO2 in the world, they never complete the sentence and say, but it's 80 percent of all the building materials we produce. So when you're actually emitting almost as much CO2 from steel production as you are from concrete, but they don't really talk about that when they're pointing fingers at concrete. So we know that concrete itself is extremely beneficial. It's low cost. You can make concrete in your backyard in a wheelbarrow if you wanted to. It's locally produced. The raw materials for concrete can be found in just about every market on the planet. It's resilient. This is something you see every time there's a natural disaster that can, like a hurricane, that can, say, wipe out a bunch of the seaside infrastructure. You'll see a scene of devastation covered in wood because all the wood buildings have basically fallen apart. And then you'll see the concrete building standing and maybe the windows are broken, but it can still serve its purpose with some ready repairs. It's also recyclable, and we can look at this in terms of the increased movement to take end-of-service life concrete or return concrete, crush it up and use it in road base typically, but it can also be used for reclaimed or recycled concrete aggregates. And it's incredibly versatile. For an architect, you can make things, anything you can imagine, any color out of concrete. It could be curb, it could be angular, it could be tall, short, thick, whatever. So concrete is something that's really captured the imagination of the builders. And when we talk about the carbon impact of cement and concrete, we can look at it in comparison to other materials, and this comes from a paper published in 2014. But if you take a cradle-to-gate analysis of all these different construction materials, and that includes not only the emissions to create the material, to extract the resources, but any fuels involved in creating it, particularly cement, you're burning fossil fuels to make cement, and then transporting emissions to get the raw materials to make the the materials themselves and get them to the customers. And so what you see here is that concrete is down here in the bottom left-hand corner. So we have embodied energy on this axis, embodied CO2 on that axis. So compared to all the other materials, concrete itself has a very low embodied energy and embodied CO2 per unit of mass. So when you just talk about the material itself, concrete is a sustainable material, but when you talk about the amount of concrete we use, then we start paying more attention to the carbon impact of the concrete. And so the discussion has changed over the last 15 or 20 years to talk about carbon reductions. And the first effort in this conversation really came out in about 2009. The International Energy Agency and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development released a roadmap for the cement industry to start reducing their carbon emissions alongside the projected emissions reductions related to climate change. The goal is to reduce carbon emissions to the climate. And so they came up with a bit of a roadmap, and there's a number that have followed in its wake. The most recent one of note would be this one from the Portland Cement Association, talking about the United States and the different policies, levers and strategies for that market. What has developed since that first roadmap in 2009, which was only talking about the cement producers, is thinking that's more about the value chain and how there are different stakeholders that can all contribute to carbon reductions across the value chain. So we see, of course, the cement producers, they can produce cement that has a lower carbon impact, but we can also look at things, what can concrete producers do? Is it the material they select or the procedures they use to make their concrete? The structural engineers, if they are going to design the structures and they're going to use concrete, they can do so efficiently, choosing the right strength class of concrete for the right purpose and not have more concrete in your structure than you need. Construction companies, they can look at recycling concrete and the types of practices that can be more efficient with materials. Then we have the one that's becoming more and more important now, is what role do governments play? We know that government procurement drives about 40 to 50 percent of all the purchasing of concrete out there. So if governments, and we're starting to see this, start to pay more attention to the carbon impacts of their infrastructure, and we know this infrastructure is supposed to last 50, 75, 100 years ideally, so the decisions being made today have an impact for a long time. We know if they're going to start focusing more on sustainability and if they're going to drive these conversations with the end users, that's going to kind of rise in tide for the sustainability discussion, the carbon reduction options within the industry. So within the context of this presentation, we can talk a little bit about taking the CO2 from the industry and putting it to beneficial use in concrete production. As a reminder, the cement manufacturing process takes a raw material, limestone, it heats it up, it uses fossil fuels to do so, typically, and what happens is you are creating the reactive calcium phases that comprise the cement that we use. But in order to take the reactive calcium phases out of the calcium carbonate, you're actually driving off the CO2 molecules. So according to the Portland Cement Association in the United States, for every ton of cement that is produced and ready to be sent to a customer, there's been an associated emissions from various parts of the process, but largely due to the calcination, the burning step, of 0.99 or 0.922 tons of CO2. So it's almost a ton of CO2 per ton of cement. So if you take that cement and you add aggregates, water, add mixtures, and mix it, you've made concrete. So this circular mineralization process takes CO2, not typically from cement production nowadays, but that's certainly going to come in the future, and we take the CO2 and we put it back into the concrete and we mineralize it. There's a number of different strategies for CO2 mineralization, and if we just look at this graph here related to typical precast concrete mix design, this is from the PCI-EBD, the major components of concrete are aggregates. We see the fine aggregates and coarse aggregates being close to 80 percent-ish of the amount of mass in a concrete mix. The next biggest thing is cement. We have a bit of SCMs in there and some water. And if we look across the landscape of both established and emerging technologies, we can find examples of CO2 utilization that are applicable to all the different parts of the concrete mix. That would be CO2 utilization appropriate to the binder, to manufacturing aggregates, to the way mixed water is introduced into the concrete, and CO2 as a nut mixture. At the precast show, I was giving a presentation very similar to this, where I went into more detail about these other options, but we can just talk about the other options on this slide. An example of a precast binder appropriate for CO2 curing would be something coming from a company called Carbicrete, amongst others, where they don't use Portland cement. In this case, they're using steel slag, and they're making concrete masonry units in this fashion by putting them in a chamber and then treating it with CO2 rather than steam. Another example seen in the aggregate space can be found in many places around the world. In this case, this is in Switzerland, a company called Neustark, and they take recycled aggregates and they crush them up and they put them into these vessels, and then they treat them with CO2. So, you're mineralizing CO2 into the reclaimed aggregate, and then you're just mixing that back in as a replacement for virgin aggregate in your concrete. The third option on this slide would be reclaimed water solution. This is something that is offered by CarbonCure, and it's a case where one of the byproducts or waste products that is associated with running a concrete plant can be wash water. When you wash your trucks, you wash your mixers, you wash your molds perhaps, you have produced some water that's now full of cement, and this can be a bit of a disposal challenge. So, the technology shown here is a way to mineralize large quantities of CO2 within that cement that's in the mixed water and make it easier for many reasons to put that back into the concrete as mixed water. So, you can save some cement that might be going to the landfill, you can mineralize some CO2, you can save some fresh water. So, each of these strategies is looking at driving down the carbon footprint of the concrete. Now, the one that will be the focus of the rest of this presentation is about this idea of using CO2 as an admixture. So, I'll talk specifically about how this would apply to the production of precast concrete. What's happening is the CO2 is being injected. We have a system where the CO2 is added during the mixing step of the concrete. So, we have, in the absence of CO2, cement mixing with water, and it forms calcium in solution, and once the CO2 arrives, the CO2 also goes into solution, and it forms calcium carbonate. So, you get this nanoscale, very small crystals of calcium carbonate forming in the concrete as it's being mixed. So, this CO2 becomes permanently removed, but it can also impact the concrete properties, as I'll discuss in a moment. How this looks, and this is a generic precast concrete operation. So, we would be able to take our technology and retrofit it at the operation without any impact to basically the entire cycle. It can be set up in one day and start easily integrated into the system. So, the main components would show up in two places. One would be the control room, and one would be in vicinity of the mixer. So, if we go into the control room, we can see a CO2 control box that is in communication with the operations of the batching system. So, we have integration into the concrete production process, just like another add mixture. So, if the concrete being produced requires a dose of CO2, it's just programmed into the mix design the same way you would do a super plasticizer or a set accelerator, something like that. So, it's seamlessly integrated into the concrete production. That control system, in turn, is in communication with the CO2 tank. In this case, we have an example of a supply of liquid CO2 that would be placed in close proximity to the place where the concrete is mixed, and that is connected to a valve box. So, the valve box, in talking to the control room, knows when and how much to allow the CO2 to go into the concrete. So, you see this injection of liquid CO2 going into the concrete. The liquid CO2 goes through the metering system. After the metering system, you're getting a mixture of solid and gas, so you end up getting some solid flakes of CO2 and some gaseous CO2, and that's what goes into the concrete mixer and forms the nanoscale carbonate. This CO2 injection doesn't do anything to the concrete pH. It doesn't do anything to the concrete temperature, even though the gas itself is very cold. The reaction with the CO2 is exothermic, so you get some heat release. So, it kind of washes out on the temperature. So, it becomes just another seamless part of your concrete production process. What the CO2 mineralization does do is that it can improve the compressive strength. So, what is shown here would be more of what's of concern to a precaster, is can I get my early strengths, my 11-hour strengths, for example. So, in this case, they're targeting 3,500 psi. They had 800 cubic yards of binder. That binder was 82 percent cement, 18 percent flash. And upon addition of the CO2, they had validated a compressive strength improvement associated with the mineralized CO2, and they were incentivized to make a adjustment to the binder. So, they reduced the binder by 3.5 percent. So, what happens is, in the CO2 mix, they're saving 23 pounds of cement. They're only putting in this small dose of CO2. Did not impact the workability of the concrete, but you can see it still met the 11-hour release strength target, exceeding 3,500 psi. In a second example, this case looking at it for 4,000 psi strength at 15 hours. In this case, they reduced the binder in the CO2 batch by 5 percent, thereby saving 33 pounds of cement. And according to the Portland Cement Association, that's very close to 33 pounds of CO2 per yard. They had that same small dose of CO2, just like an admixture. It's a fraction of a percent of the amount of cement. No impact on slump. And again, we're seeing, we're meeting our strength targets at 15 hours. More broadly, we can look at what happens at later ages. In this case, the producer hadn't not yet made a big adjustment to the concrete mix. They had maintained the binder system. They had, in the CO2 batch, had dropped the cement slightly and increased the fly ash slightly as part of a commissioning process to validate the performance benefit. And so, they would add this dose of CO2. Without it impacting the fresh properties, they recognize the strength benefit of 11 percent at 7 days and 6 percent at 28 days. So, you have reduced the cement efficiency by 9 percent. So, for this producer, if they want to maintain the binder loading, they could sub in more fly ash. If they want to optimize the binder loading, they could take advantage of the increased strength of their cement and, you know, use less cement without compromising the strength performance. A second example with a slightly different mix design, 4,500 PSI, 770 pounds of binder. Again, we're adding this CO2, no impact to operations, no impact to slump, but we do see impact on the strength. So they have gone up in seven percent of the cement efficiency, thereby allowing them to consider a greater cement reduction. What we're seeing in this technology is, of course, it's, you know, you're talking about three, five, six percent cement reductions. We've, you know, a few more aggressive ones than that with our technology. And that's not going to be the only thing you're going to do for sustainability, but you see this works with fly ash, it works with slag, it works with the other strategies that a producer will look at to reduce their carbon footprint. So this is another one of those solutions that can come in to drive the carbon footprint down, but it can also drive some of the appeal of the concrete in the marketplace. So I'm going to turn it over to Pete, who can pivot to talking about how this concrete would act with the end users. Thanks, Sean. Okay, so as many people usually wonder at this point is what effects might CO2-injected concrete have on just the long-term durability of those structural elements, right? So there has been fairly extensive testing on CO2's impact on durability, and there's existing durability testing ongoing as more state DOTs and other entities are exploring the use of carbon cure on their projects. And ultimately durability testing has shown that CO2 injection has a neutral to positive effect on concrete durability. Lots of literature available for this on our website, and if there's something that you can't find, we encourage you to reach out and just ask, and we're happy to provide whatever we have available. Okay, so some of you may be wondering if this cement reduction has any effect, and CO2 injection has any effect on either the fresh or hardened properties of concrete. It's actually a neutral impact. In a couple of slides, you'll see that this technology is currently in use across various countries, and therefore various climates, and lots of different applications as well. And we have not been notified of any issues pertaining to the fresh or hardened properties. So it truly is the same quality concrete with a lower carbon footprint. So what does it look like in the context of pre-cast production, and what happens when CO2 is introduced into pre-cast concrete production? So, next slide. So first, let's just consider why now, right? So building a concrete project, so first, let's just consider why now, right? So buildings do generate about 40% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions, and this is an interesting statistic. The world's building stock is set to double by the year 2060, which to put that into perspective, it's like building an entire New York City every month until then. Pretty astounding, right? And, you know, concrete will be responsible for half of new construction emissions between now and 2050. And, you know, there's this AEC embodied challenge, which some of you may have heard about. So there are lots of developers, owners, governments with a growing interest in reducing emissions, including Structural Engineers 2050, the World Green Building Council, Carbon Leadership Forum, and the Carbon Leadership Forum is a really great website, lots of great resources for you all to learn more about this. But the group that's really kind of set the standard for this industry is Architecture 2030. They've actually shifted to 2040. But by that time, if we don't achieve a 65% reduction in total emissions, we will have lost the opportunity to meet that one and a half to two degree warming threshold set and agreed on as a consensus at the Paris Climate Agreement. Next slide. So yeah, sustainability opportunity for precast, pre-stressed producers. So what's in it for everybody in this space, right? So attracting green building projects with sustainable concrete, it's highly sought after in most areas these days. And it also can help boost the reputation of any brand that's offering sustainable concrete, right? And then return on investment. So the way our business model is set up is that by injecting CO2, you can therefore find pretty significant reductions in cement content per mix design, which will reduce costs, improve margins. And then also you can generate valuable carbon removal credits, which is just more money. And we're a retrofit technology. So there are no major, no CapEx investments, no major changes to workflows or, or, or schedules or, or any of those aspects of business. And that's the sustainability impact. If you consider up to 34 pounds of CO2 can be saved per cubic yard of concrete. And that 34 pounds is a combination of CO2 saved both by the injection and sequestration of the CO2 in the concrete, and also by reducing the cement content. Because remember, cement is responsible for 7% or more of global CO2 emissions. So, so huge impact here, just due to the sheer volume of concrete being produced every day, right? Next slide, please. So deployment of carbon cure technologies. So, you know, we have more than 550 systems installed and up and running across 25 countries. And to date, our technology has been used to produce more than 18 million cubic yards of concrete, which has resulted in over 150,000 metric tons of CO2 saved. And that's the equivalent, just to put that in perspective of taking 32,000 cars off the road. And I should mention, we're growing and rapidly expanding across the globe. So if you were to look at that map, let's say a week, month, six months from now, you'd see a whole lot more orange coverage as a footprint across the map. So how can you or any of us help reduce concrete's carbon impact? So it depends on someone's role in the industry, right? But I guess, you know, starting with the obvious, communicating a commitment to embody carbon reduction throughout the supply chain early and often. For designers, designing strengths for what's actually needed. Using SCMs, such as fly ash, slag, and others. Consider low carbon cement when available. And consider recycled aggregates or high quality aggregates when possible. And then, you know, removing unnecessary prescriptive concrete specs and considering more performance-based specs instead. So, you know, a lot of the prescriptive specs are kind of a holdover from back when quality control measures weren't as robust as these days. So now we're seeing a big shift more towards performance-based specifications. And then, you know, ideally it's nice to see specs for the use of carbon mineralized concrete whenever a project allows. When that's not possible, we at least, you know, maybe it could be because of a competitive bidding requirement or something like that. But we always ask for folks to at least accept or approve the use of carbon mineralized concrete on any given project when possible. Thank you. So at this point, we do have some questions that have come in here. Okay. So one of these questions is, what is the source of CO2 regionally? For example, in Denver, Colorado area. So I can actually answer this one. So CarbonCure does not currently supply CO2 to producers, but we do help facilitate the process to get the tanks set up on site. And that's done locally. And it's typically, it's always done through CO2 industrial gas suppliers. So for more specific details on how that all works, we're happy to put you in touch with the appropriate folks here to really dig into those details. What is the cement reduction efficiency expectation? Sean, you want to take this one? Across the network of producers who are using this technology, most of that has been in ready mix. We have more than a dozen and growing in the precast segment. But if we look at, say, what we might call a fleet average cement reduction, so if we just take an aggregated cement reduction across our producers, we're hitting somewhere around the 4% to 5% mark. So we definitely see great opportunities in precasts, given that the binder loadings, the cement loadings can be much higher. So 3%, 4%, 5% cement reduction in the high binder loading situation can actually be quite a lot of cement. Great, thank you. Next question after that is with the supply of type 3 cement on the way out and only having access to types 1 and 2, do we have producers using CO2 systems with these types of cements? Yes, across the fleet of carbon cure producers, we've got type 1-2 cements, type 3, type 5, type 1L. So we've seen all these types of cements functioning with the carbon cure systems. We recognize the challenge of having cements change, and we believe the CO2 mineralization can be part of the solutions for helping you get more out of your cement. Great. Next question. Is the process of capturing the carbon measured? Wondering how much output is involved to capture? That's a great question. Interesting question. I think for us, the current supplier of CO2 is just generally termed the merchant market. So these would be industrial gas suppliers who would be comfortable and already serving a market for CO2 as a feedstock and for another process such as, you know, making soda pop or freezing food. So what these producers do is they search the easiest, lowest hanging fruit in terms of CO2 to process, and they end up turning to processes such as ethanol production, where CO2 is really a byproduct. You get the ethanol you want, and then you get this CO2 coming the other direction, which is, you know, more than 95% pure. So when you're starting with something like that, and let's say you capture, mineralize, and liquefy one ton of CO2, yes, there's energy involved in doing that. But what you're doing involved in doing that, but the CO2 impact of the energy, like if you're getting the energy from the power plant, for example, and burning fossil fuels, would be on the order of single digit percentages of the amount of CO2 that you captured. So if you captured a ton, it would be, you know, on the order of a few pounds of CO2 related to getting that ton of CO2 into the ecosystem for utilization. Great, thank you. So another question here, I know that some precasters are already using CarbonCure. Is there an application for integral color architectural panels without concern about impacting the aesthetics, or is this primarily for structural plain gray precast concrete applications? Great question. We did get some samples in conjunction with one of the suppliers of white cements in North America. We did some color analysis, so we didn't have any pigments, but the CO2 addition did not do anything to the color of the concrete. So I think we could say that we would not expect the CO2 to impact any of the architectural applications. Is the CO2 captured through other industries capturing it, or is it manufactured specifically for this process? You pretty much covered that. This process would be just a consumer of already captured CO2 that's being offered to the market for various applications. So there'd be no cases of CarbonCure CO2 customers creating CO2 to put into the concrete. There's just so much CO2 out there to capture without having to create new CO2 for a specific purpose like this. We've got a couple of questions separately in the chat here. I'm going to just read them out. We've got a couple of questions separately in the chat here. I'm going to just read these off real quick, switch over to it. Can you use CO2 alongside various admixtures? Yes. The reality for concrete producers is that particularly in precasts, they're turning to admixtures to do a lot of the special performance needs they need out of their concrete, whether it's the fresh or early hardened properties. Across our network of consumers, we depend on them to raise any red flags if they've seen any negative interactions. There's only so much testing we can do in the lab. Amongst the testing we've done in the lab, amongst the testing that the producers have done and told us about, we're not picking up anything that says there's inconsistencies or incompatibilities. Thank you. Here's another one. Please share more on the metrics defining carbon removal credits. Great question. We developed the first methodology for the construction industry for CO2 utilization as a means to reduce carbon. We have gone through a third-party verified process to create a validated methodology, which hinges on two things. The CO2 mineralized, as mentioned, if you put the CO2 into the concrete, it is permanently removed. You did notice perhaps on some of my slides that the CO2 is dosed much like an admixture, which means it's a very low abundance compared to the amount of cement. While that is part of it, most of the CO2 reduction will come from the avoided cement. We see back to the PCA numbers, we have 0.922 units of CO2 emitted for every unit of cement that you would use in your concrete mix. If you can start using less cement because the CO2 has made the cement you have more efficient, then you're starting to total up those CO2 reductions. As mentioned earlier in the presentation, 25 to 35 pounds per cubic yard over the course of a number of loads of concrete or structural members, you start getting up around a ton of CO2 saved. Then according to the methodology, that can be packaged into a validated reduction credit that can participate in the carbon reduction marketplace. Great. Okay, here's another one. This is a cool one. How do the nanoparticles supply enough advantage to see a real increase in strength when looking at statistical data deviations that are already present in mixed strength variations? That's a very good question. I guess there's kind of two questions tucked in there. The CO2 question and then the data question. The CO2 question, we have some theories. We're in the mindset of sharing our ideas in the marketplace of ideas, publishing our work in scientific papers. We don't have anything published yet, but look later this year, I'm sure we'll promote it on our website, some of our specific thinking on that matter. On the data side, that is a big challenge. We do like to not claim anything unless it's supported by data. Some customers are more comfortable with smaller data sets to make their decisions than others are, but that is something that we look for. Part of our carbon credit offering is it has to be supported by data. Where we do have the ability to talk about carbon reductions, it is supported by quality control data that suggests the CO2 has improved their compressive strength. How much CO2 escapes during mixing versus what's captured? Good question. We can talk about it in the amount of CO2 that's injected, but typically beyond the order of, let's just say, five pounds per yard. Of that five pounds that's injected, there will be some that will not mineralize, but we think that is a small fraction. We think that according to the analysis we've done with measuring the carbon contents of the concrete, it's conservatively greater than 80%, likely more than 90% of the CO2 is fixed in the concrete. Thank you. What is the impact of CarbonCure on ultra high performance or ultra high strength concrete mix design performance? Good question. I think we've had some look at that in the lab with the 12 precasters that we've worked with or so. I may be wrong on the number. I'm not directly in touch with the customers to understand what kind of mix designs they're doing, but in the lab we haven't seen any negative effects on the ultra high performance concrete. And how many precast producers on the west coast are using CarbonCure? Pete, do you know? Yeah, so we do have producers in Washington and California, and on our website we have a really great tool for finding producers that anybody can go on and just type in location and you'll see them shown on a map and you'll find some information there about those producers. All right. Okay, so it looks like it's time to wrap up with the questions. So I think we need to pass this back over to Royce. But before we go, I suppose we should say thank you to you all for joining us today. Sean, any final words? No, thank you for your interest in modern concrete production approaches, particularly if you're tuned into the sustainability conversation. We cannot be too choosy about the solutions, the drive to reduce the carbon footprint of concrete, and in our case, drive efficiencies and profits for the concrete producer really takes a bit of an open mind. It can take people considering that this can drive value for them. So we appreciate that you've taken time out of your day to have a look. Yeah, thanks everybody. On behalf of PCI, I'd like to thank Sean and Pete for a great presentation. If anyone has any further questions for today's webinar, please email marketing at marketingpci.org, and also please be aware that there will be a pop-up survey after this presentation ends. Thank you again, have a great day, and please stay safe.

Cement Efficiency

Carbon Removal

Precast Prestress Production

CarbonCure

CO2 Admixture

Reducing Carbon Emissions

Concrete Mix Injection

Improved Compressive Strength